PostGis技术文档-IT_BULL.pdf资源-CSDN文库

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目录 
PostGis  简介 .................................................................................................................... 11 
1  PostGis  官方网站 ......................................................................................................... 11 
2  PostGis  是什么 ............................................................................................................. 11 
3  官方定义：.................................................................................................................... 11 
4  PostGis Logo .................................................................................................................. 11 
5  PostgreSQL  是什么 ...................................................................................................... 11 
5.1 PostgreSQL  官方网站 ............................................................................................. 11 
地图学 ............................................................................................................................... 12 
1  学习 PostGis  之前先简单学习一下地图学 ................................................................ 12 
2  关于地图学有趣的故事 ................................................................................................ 12 
2.1  荆轲刺秦献地图 ........................................................................................................ 12 
2.2  一图顶千言 ................................................................................................................ 12 
3  地图的功能.................................................................................................................... 12 
3.1  地图能启迪人们的形象思维 .................................................................................... 12 
3.2  帮助人们更直观的了解世界的功能 ........................................................................ 12 
4  地图学的运用领域 ........................................................................................................ 13 
4.1  游戏地图 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.2  作战指挥 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.3  行政管理 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.4  文化教育 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.5  科学研究 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.6  地图线路 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.7  公交线路查询 ............................................................................................................ 13 
4.8  出行线路导航 ............................................................................................................ 13 
4.9  电子围栏 .................................................................................................................... 13 
4.10 智慧城市交通大数据等方面 .................................................................................... 13 
5  地图与地球的矛盾： .................................................................................................... 14 
5.1  地图投影解决了地图平面与地球曲面的矛盾(使用地图投影解决) ...................... 14 
5.2  缩小、简化了的地图表面与实地复杂现实直径的矛盾(使用地理符号解决) ...... 14 
6  地图的基本特征 ............................................................................................................ 14 
6.1  具有特定的数学法则 ................................................................................................ 14 
6.2  采用地图符合符合系统 ............................................................................................ 14 
6.3  采用制图综合法则 .................................................................................................... 14 
7  地图投影........................................................................................................................ 14 
7.1  建立地面点在椭圆球面的地理坐标和它们在平面上的之间坐标之间的解析关系

7.2  将地球建立成高为地球直径，半径为地球半径的圆柱体，将圆柱体源母线切开
展成平面，就完成了地图投影........................................................................................... 14 

IT_BULL                                                                                                                                     
 
7.3  地图投影解决了地图平面与地球曲面的矛盾 ........................................................ 14 
8  制图综合........................................................................................................................ 14 
9  地图的定义.................................................................................................................... 15 
10  地图的基本特征总结 .................................................................................................... 16 
10.1 地图投影  ：  曲面  —>  平面 .................................................................................. 16 
10.2 地图符合  ：  具象  —>  抽象 .................................................................................. 16 
10.3 制图综合  ：  广大  —>  有限 .................................................................................. 16 
11  地图分类........................................................................................................................ 16 
11.1 地图分类方法 ............................................................................................................ 16 
11.2 按地图比例尺划分 .................................................................................................... 16 
11.3 按地图区域划分 ........................................................................................................ 16 
11.4 按地图内容划分 ........................................................................................................ 16 
11.5 按地图比例尺划分 .................................................................................................... 16 
11.6 按其他标志划分 ........................................................................................................ 16 
12  地图的制作方法 ............................................................................................................ 16 
12.1 实测成图法：测绘仪、卫星测图 ............................................................................ 16 
12.2 摄影测量成图法  ：  飞机摄影、遥感地图 ............................................................ 16 
12.3 编绘成图法：基于已有地图手工编绘 .................................................................... 16 
12.4 数字编绘成图法：  计算机进行数据处理 .............................................................. 16 
12.5 其他方法 .................................................................................................................... 17 
13  地图投影........................................................................................................................ 17 
13.1 几何透视法 ................................................................................................................ 17 
13.2 地球构造成圆柱体，展开投影 ................................................................................ 17 
13.3 方位投影 .................................................................................................................... 17 
13.4 三角锥投影 ................................................................................................................ 17 
空间数据库 ....................................................................................................................... 18 
1  空间数据库简介 ............................................................................................................ 18 
2  空间数据库的运用 ........................................................................................................ 18 
3  空间数据库的主要运用 ................................................................................................ 18 
4  空间数据库的特征 ........................................................................................................ 18 
4.1  综合抽象特征 ............................................................................................................ 18 
4.2  非结构化特征 ............................................................................................................ 18 
4.3  分类编码特征 ............................................................................................................ 19 
4.4  复杂性与多样性 ........................................................................................................ 19 
4.5  高程模型 .................................................................................................................... 19 
5  空间数据的主要运用领域 ............................................................................................ 20 
6  空间数据类型 ................................................................................................................ 20 
7  空间索引........................................................................................................................ 20 

IT_BULL                                                                                                                                     
 
8  空间函数........................................................................................................................ 20 
8.1  空间函数的分类 ........................................................................................................ 20 
9  进一步解释  PostGis  是什么 ....................................................................................... 21 
PostGis  的安装 ................................................................................................................ 22 
1  PostGis  在 window 下的安装 ...................................................................................... 22 
2  PostgreSQL  的安装 ...................................................................................................... 22 
2.1  PostgreSQL 官方网站： ............................................................................................ 22 
2.2  下载 ............................................................................................................................ 22 
2.3  安装 ............................................................................................................................ 23 
3  PostGis 在 linux 下的安装 ............................................................................................ 26 
创建空间数据库 ............................................................................................................... 27 
1  PgAdmin  工具 .............................................................................................................. 27 
1.1  启动 postgreSQL ........................................................................................................ 27 
1.2  中英文界面切换设置 ................................................................................................ 28 
1.3  新建数据 .................................................................................................................... 29 
1.4  查看所有数据库 ........................................................................................................ 30 
1.5  查看所有表 ................................................................................................................ 31 
1.6  使用 SQL 操作命令窗口 ........................................................................................... 32 
1.7  加载 PostGIS 空间扩展 ............................................................................................. 32 
1.8  查看 postgis  数据库版本 .......................................................................................... 32 
1.9  运行 SQL 查询  查看运行结果 ................................................................................. 33 
1.10 查看地图图形 ............................................................................................................ 33 
2  Navicat ........................................................................................................................... 34 
加载空间数据 ................................................................................................................... 35 
1  shapefile  文件 ............................................................................................................ 35 
1.1  一个 shapfile 必需有的文件： .................................................................................. 35 
2  SRID (空间参考标识符) ............................................................................................... 35 
3  spatial_ref_sys  系统表 .................................................................................................. 35 
4  查询 srid......................................................................................................................... 35 
4.1  如何获取地理信息的  SRID ..................................................................................... 36 
5  使用 QGIS 查看数据 .................................................................................................... 36 
6  下载地理地理数据 ........................................................................................................ 36 
6.1  地理数据下载地址 .................................................................................................... 36 
7  加载空间数据前的初始化工作 .................................................................................... 37 
7.1  启用 PostGIS（包括栅格） ...................................................................................... 37 
7.2  启用拓扑 .................................................................................................................... 37 

IT_BULL                                                                                                                                     
 
7.3  Tiger ............................................................................................................................ 37 
7.4  启用美国 Tiger Geocoder .......................................................................................... 37 
8  开始加载空间数据 ........................................................................................................ 38 
8.1  启动  PostGIS Shapefile Manager .............................................................................. 38 
8.2  连接数据库  nyc ........................................................................................................ 40 
8.3  添加文件 .................................................................................................................... 42 
8.4  更改 SRID  点击 import  加载空间数据到数据库 nyc 中 ....................................... 43 
8.5  查看加载的空间数据 ................................................................................................ 45 
9  认识已经导入的数据 .................................................................................................... 45 
9.1  一、nyc_census_blocks ............................................................................................. 46 
9.2  二、nyc_neighborhoods ............................................................................................. 46 
9.3  三、nyc_streets .......................................................................................................... 46 
9.4  四、nyc_subway_stations .......................................................................................... 46 
9.5  五、nyc_census_sociodata ......................................................................................... 47 
SQL  查询基础快速入门 ................................................................................................. 48 
1  查看表中有哪些字段 .................................................................................................... 48 
2  字符串长度函数，char_length(string)： ................................................................ 49 
3  平均值的 avg()函数 ..................................................................................................... 49 
4  求标准差的 stddev()函数 ........................................................................................... 49 
5  GROUP BY 子句 .......................................................................................................... 50 
6  sum()      ——      返回一个数值列的和 ...................................................................... 51 
7  count()      ——      返回一个列的记录数 .................................................................... 51 
数据表创建以及空间数据几何图像分类 ....................................................................... 52 
1  几何图形分类 ................................................................................................................ 52 
1.1 点（POINT） ............................................................................................................ 52 
1.2 线（LINESTRING） ................................................................................................ 52 
1.3 多边形（POLYGON） ............................................................................................ 52 
1.4 内含空洞的多边形（POLYGON with a hole） .................................................... 52 
1.5 图形集合（COLLECTION） ................................................................................... 52 
2  创建表 ........................................................................................................................... 52 
3  添加数据包含以上 5 种几何分类图形 ........................................................................ 52 
4  查询数据........................................................................................................................ 52 
5  ST_AsText(geometry) 函数 .................................................................................... 53 
6  查看数据库中所有空间数据表的描述信息 ................................................................ 54 
6.1  字段解析 .................................................................................................................... 55 

IT_BULL                                                                                                                                     
 
7  如何修改  SRID ............................................................................................................ 55 
7.1  UpdateGeometrySRID 函数 ....................................................................................... 55 
8  几何图形元数据的函数 ................................................................................................ 56 
8.1  ST_GeometryType(geometry) ——  返回几何图形的类型 ..................................... 56 
8.2  ST_NDims(geometry) ——  返回几何图形的维数.................................................. 56 
8.3  ST_SRID(geometry) ——  返回几何图形的空间参考标识码 ................................ 56 
9  几何图形简介 ................................................................................................................ 56 
9.1  点（Point） ................................................................................................................ 56 
9.2  线串（Linestring） .................................................................................................... 57 
9.3  多边形（Polygon） ................................................................................................... 58 
9.4  集合（Collection）.................................................................................................... 59 
10  几何图形输入和输出 .................................................................................................... 61 
10.1 ST_GeomFromText(text, srid) ——  返回 geometry ................................................. 61 
10.2 ST_AsText(geometry) ——  返回 text ...................................................................... 61 
10.3 ST_AsEWKT(geometry) ——  返回 text .................................................................. 61 
10.4 ST_GeomFromWKB(bytea) ——  返回 geometry .................................................... 61 
10.5 ST_AsBinary(geometry) ——  返回 bytea ................................................................ 61 
10.6 ST_AsEWKB(geometry) ——  返回 bytea ............................................................... 61 
10.7 ST_GeomFromGML(text) ——  返回 geometry ....................................................... 61 
10.8 ST_ASGML(geometry) ——  返回 text .................................................................... 61 
10.9 ST_GeomFromKML(text)  ——  返回 geometry  ST_ASKML(geometry)  ——  返回
text  61 
10.10  ST_AsGeoJSON(geometry) ——  返回 text .................................................. 61 
10.11  ST_AsSVG(geometry) ——  返回 text .......................................................... 61 
11  数据格式  WKB ............................................................................................................ 61 
12  WKB  和  WKT    EWKB  和  EWKT .......................................................................... 61 
12.1 WKT 中三维（3D）线串示例 ................................................................................. 62 
12.2 其他数据格式 ............................................................................................................ 62 
12.3 WKT  表示 ................................................................................................................. 63 
12.4 SRID ........................................................................................................................... 64 
12.5 EWKB, EWKT  处理三维数据的数据类型 ............................................................. 64 
13  GEOMETRY  类型  与  GEOGRAPHY  类型 ............................................................. 64 
13.1 spatial_ref_sys 可以使用表中定义的任何基于长/纬度的空间参考系统 ............... 64 
13.2 GEOGRAPHY  球面、地理坐标系  /单位是  度 ..................................................... 64 
13.3 GEOMETRY  平面  、平面坐标系(投影坐标系)  /  单位有度  、米  看不同的投影
坐标系 .................................................................................................................................. 65 
13.4 geometry 转 geography 的方法 ................................................................................. 65 
13.5 如何判断是那种坐标系 ............................................................................................ 65 
14  几何对象的转换 ............................................................................................................ 66 
SQL  查询练习 ................................................................................................................. 72 