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NASA对于晶须的研究报告-电子从业者使用指南
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2023-01-28
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NASA于2012年在其官网中发布的关于晶须生长的报告,其原题目为: The Art of Metal Whisker Appreciation: A Practical Guide for Electronics Professionals 里面详细解释了什么是晶须,晶须的特点、产生机理等。 里面不乏一些公式,甚至是一份长达11年的晶须生长于抑制的测试报告。
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Outline
• What are metal whiskers?
– Attributes
– Failure modes
– Similarities between tin, zinc
and cadmium whiskers
– Whisker initiation and growth
– Things that are not whiskers
• Difficulties in observing
metal whiskers
– Optical
– Electrical
• Statistics of whiskers
– Length, thickness, density
• Environmental tests
• Metal Vapor Arcing
April 17, 2012 2
The Art of Metal Whisker Appreciation:
IPC Tin Whisker Conference
Zinc Whiskers on
Hot Dip Galvanized Steel Pipe
Video link: http://nepp.nasa.gov/whisker/video/Zn-
whiskers-HDG-electrostatic-bend.wmv
April 17, 2012
The Art of Metal Whisker Appreciation:
IPC Tin Whisker Conference
3
About Us
• Metal Whisker Investigation Team at NASA Goddard Space Flight
Center
– H. Leidecker, M. Sampson, L. Panashchenko, J. Brusse, J. Kim
• Widely recognized for our Metal Whisker WWW site
– http://nepp.nasa.gov/whisker
• Published study of 11+ year evaluation of conformal coating for
whisker mitigation
• Numerous other publications on metal whiskers (tin and zinc
whiskers)
• >10 years experience with anomalies related to metal whiskers
– Aerospace: Satellites and Space Shuttle
– Military: Missile Systems, Ordinance Fuzes
– Industrial: Nuclear and other Power Plants, Paper Mills,
Non-interruptable Power Supplies
– Automotive: Speedometers and other gauges, “DOA” cars
– Others
What are Metal Whiskers?
• Hair-like metal structures that erupt outward
from a grain or several grains on a metal
surface
– May be straight, kinked, or odd-shaped eruptions
• Coatings of Tin, Zinc and Cadmium are
especially able to develop whiskers; but,
whiskers have been seen on Indium, Gold,
Silver, Lead, and other metals too
Tin Whiskers on Tin-Plated
Electromagnetic Relay Terminals
April 17, 2012 4
The Art of Metal Whisker Appreciation:
IPC Tin Whisker Conference
Source Material
atoms for the metal itself
Transport
Mechanism
primarily grain boundary
diffusion
Transformation
diffusing atoms aggregate
at the root (NOT the tip) of
the forming whisker
Human Hair vs. Metal Whisker
Metal Whiskers are commonly
1/10 to <1/100 the thickness of a human hair
Optical comparison of
Human Hair vs. Tin Whisker
SEM comparison of
Human Hair vs. Metal Whisker
Metal
Whisker
Hair
Metal
Whisker
April 17, 2012 5
The Art of Metal Whisker Appreciation:
IPC Tin Whisker Conference
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