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基于 LabVIEW 的自适应振动主动控制仿真与实验研究
摘 要
随着振动主动控制技术的不断发展和日益成熟,其在实际工程中的应用也越来越广
泛和深入,为了满足我们对振动主动控制系统实时性的要求,我们引入 NI VeriStand 软
件平台,基于 LMS 算法进行了振动主动控制系统的仿真实验。基于 LabVIEW 平台图形
化编程和人机交互的优势,运用 LabVIEW 平台进行了振动主动控制系统的界面设计和
实验。
本文首先介绍 NI VeriStand 的特点,阐述了其在实时测试中的开发及应用方式;然
后对自适应 LMS 算法进行了原理推导,基于 LMS 算法编写了 Simulink 模型;最后将
Simulink 模型编译后导入 NI VeriStand 中进行仿真。文中进行了单通道和四通道的仿真
分析,仿真取得了良好的控制效果,验证了 LMS 算法和仿真程序软件的正确性和可靠
性。
根据振动主动控制系统的需求,基于 LabVIEW 软件设计了适用于振动主动控制的
实验界面。针对实际测试中数据处理的问题,引入了队列和事件结构,在此基础上,运
用 LabVIEW 建立了用于上位机和下位机实时交互的生产者/消费者结构,显著提高了程
序执行效率,保证了数据处理的准确性和高效性。进行了振动主动控制系统的系统辨识
和控制实验研究,实验取得了稳定有效的控制效果,验证了仿真算法和程序软件的正确
性和可行性。
关键词:振动主动控制;VeriStand;LabVIEW;LMS 算法;用户界面设计
哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文
ABSTRACT
With rapid developement of active virabtion control in the last few decades, its
application in the industries has been unprocceedingly comprehensive and
profound.VeriStand software platform provided by National Instrument is introduced in the
active vibration control simulation system based on LMS algorithm to satisfy the demand on
real-time control. LabVIEW is used to design and create the user graphic interface
considering its adavantages in graphic programming and human-computer interaction
techniques. The paper first introduced the key features of VeriStand and elaborated
developement process and applications of VeriStand platform. The principles of LMS-based
adaptive algorithm were derived and used to program the Simulink model, which was later
compiled into NI VeriStand for simulation. Single-channel and four-channel simulation were
conducted to testify proposed LMS-based adaptive algorithm and the simulation program.
Next, according to the practical requirement of active vibration control, a graphic user
interface is designed and visualized to given the power tools of LabVIEW.Then the ideas of
queue and event structure were brought in to process the experimental data. And LabVIEW
here is utilized to establish the producer/customer loop between the master and slave in the
system, which significantly boost the efficiency of the program and ensure the accuracy and
high efficiency.The result of simulation with LMS-based algorithm indicated that the control
system developed with MATLAB and VeriStand performed well in real-time active vibration
suppression. The effectiveness and stablity of the algorithm as well as the simulation program
was justified, which suggested a potentially general application of this adaptive control
algorithm in the industries and academic reseaches.
Key Words: Active Vibration Control; LabVIEW; LMS Algorithm; secondary path
identification
基于 LabVIEW 的自适应振动主动控制仿真与实验研究
目 录
第 1 章 绪论 ····························································································· 1
1.1 论文背景 ································································ ·························· 1
1.2 振动主动控制技术的研究成果及发展趋势 ················································ 2
1.3 LMS 算法 ·························································································· 4
1.4 半物理仿真 ······················································································· 5
1.5 基于 LabVIEW 平台的主动控制研究现状 ················································· 6
1.6 本文研究的意义及主要内容 ··································································· 9
第 2 章 基于 MATLAB 与 VeriStand 的振动主动控制仿真 ································ ···· 11
2.1 NI VeriStand 概述 ································ ··············································· 11
2.1.1NI VeriStand 及其在实时测试中的应用 ················································ 11
2.1.2 运用 NI VeriStand 来开发应用程序 ···················································· 11
2.1.3 自定义 NI VeriStand ······································································· 15
2.2 LMS 自适应算法 ································ ················································ 15
2.2.1 自适应横向滤波器 ································ ········································ 15
2.2.2 标准 LMS 算法 ············································································· 18
2.3 创建并配置 LMS 算法仿真模型 ····························································· 21
2.3.1 运用 Simulink 创建在 VeriStand 中使用的软件模型 ································ 21
2.3.2 将编译后的 Simulink 模型导入 NI VeriStand 并进行配置 ························ 26
2.4 进行 LMS 算法仿真 ································ ············································ 30
2.4.1 不同频率下的振动主动控制仿真 ······················································ 30
2.4.2 四通道下的振动主动控制仿真 ························································· 31
2.5 本章小结 ························································································· 33
第 3 章 运用 LabVIEW 进行振动主动控制的界面设计 ········································ 35
3.1 LabVIEW 简介 ·················································································· 35
3.2 界面设计的需求和规划 ········································································ 36
3.2.1 LabVIEW 界面设计的需求和规划 ····················································· 36
3.2.2 振动主动控制系统的界面设计 ························································· 36
3.3 基于队列和事件结构的生产者/消费者结构 ································ ··············· 39
3.3.1 常见的循环结构及其改进形式 ························································· 39
哈尔滨工程大学硕士学位论文
3.3.2 运用队列进行数据采集和存储 ························································· 39
3.3.3 事件结构 ···················································································· 40
3.3.4 生产者/消费者结构 ································ ······································· 40
3.4 程序架构的实现················································································· 41
3.5 本章小结 ························································································· 43
第 4 章 运用 LabVIEW 进行振动主动控制实验研究 ··········································· 44
4.1 实验系统 ························································································· 44
4.2 基于 LabVIEW 的系统辨识实验 ····························································· 46
4.3 系统控制实验 ··················································································· 47
4.4 本章小结 ························································································· 47
结 论 ································································································· 52
参考文献 ································································································· 54
攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文和取得的科研成果 ·············································· 54
致 谢 ································································································· 59
第 1 章 绪论
1
第 1 章 绪论
1.1 论文背景
振动是一种广泛的现象,普遍存在于自然界、工程技术和日常生活中。人类生活的
世界是振动的世界,搭乘的交通工具,无论是地上的汽车和火车,空中的飞机,还是海洋
中的轮船都在不断的振动;居住的房屋,搭建的桥梁等建筑结构在风载的激励下也会发
生振动;各种各样应用于日常生产中的工业机械设备,从简单到复杂都会产生振动。更
加广泛的来看待我们这个世界,正是由于振动,声、光、电才得以传播。
但在有很多工程应用中,振动被证明是有害的,会给生产建设等过程带来许多不利
的影响。例如在机械设备中,机器振动会影响精密仪器的工作,导致偏差,加速机械零
件的磨损和疲劳,大大降低机器的使用年限。对民用设备如飞机,火车和轮船,会影响
乘客的舒适度,对军用设备如潜艇,军舰等,振动噪声会造成目标暴露,带来无法承受
的后果。
因此,振动控制显得越来越重要,控制振动的方法也变得越来越多样化。主要的控
制方法分为振动被动控制和振动主动控制
[1]
。
振动被动控制技术不依赖外力,也不需要采集外界的信息作为参考,因而也不受外
界干扰。按内容分类,被动控制有隔振、吸震减震和耗能减震等方法。被动控制通常依
靠阻尼抵消振动产生的能量,不需要外部的能量输入,节约能源,而且具有较好的稳定
性,对高频抑制效果良好,因此在工程中得到了广泛的应用。被动控制的缺点是,设备
一旦安装完毕,无法对条件变化做出相应改变,适应性差,在许多条件下的无法达到需
要的抑制效果。
振动主动控制技术虽然需要外界提供作动力,但由于它的控制过程需要随结构反
应,振动过程和外界干扰等信息变化而变化,因而能够反映外界变化,达到较好的控制
效果。振动主动控制,依托控制算法,通过实时计算输入输出,得出作动器需要施加的
作用力,达到抵消振动,减振降噪的目的。因为振动主动控制适应性良好,能满足日益
发展的减振要求,具有巨大的潜在优越性,所以成为了振动控制领域的重要研究方向。
振动主动控制技术主要包括被控对象,控制器,作动器,传感器等,这些部分中控
制器是振动主动控制研究的核心。在广大学者的攻坚努力下,振动主动控制研究已经尝
试了几乎所有的控制理论和控制算法。
振动主动控制系统可分为:前馈型振动主动控制系统,反馈型振动主动控制系统和
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