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ORACLE 数据库部署方案设计

和安装配置指南

（V1.6）

北京数据中心开放系统平台管理部

2008 年 4 月

北京数据中心开放系统平台管理部

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编号 日期 描述 版本 作者 审核 发布日期
目录
ORACLE 数据库部署方案设计............................................................................................................1
和安装配置指南.....................................................................................................................................1
（V1.6）.................................................................................................................................................1
1  前言.............................................................................................................................................7
1.1  编写目的..........................................................................................................................7
1.2  预期读者..........................................................................................................................8
1.3  数据库部署模式..............................................................................................................8
1.4  单机模式..........................................................................................................................8
1.5  HA 热备模式...................................................................................................................9
1.6  RAC 模式.........................................................................................................................9
1.7  DATAGUARD 模式......................................................................................................10
1.8  RAC+DATAGUARD 模式............................................................................................11
2  数据库部署模式选择建议......................................................................................................12
2.1  部署模式的选择建议...................................................................................................12
2.2  各部署模式应用建议...................................................................................................12
2.3  RAC 部署模式应用建议..............................................................................................13
2.4  操作系统参数建议.......................................................................................................14
2.4.1  AIX......................................................................................................................14
2.4.2  HP........................................................................................................................15
3  数据库设计考虑的因素...........................................................................................................16
3.1  数据库类型特点分析...................................................................................................16
北京数据中心 开放系统平台管理部

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1.1  OLTP（联机事务处理）...................................................................................17
1.2  OLAP（联机分析处理）..................................................................................17
1.3  BATCH（批处理系统）...................................................................................17
1.4  DSS（决策支持系统）.....................................................................................18
1.5  Hybrid（混合类型系统）.................................................................................18
2  数据库规模....................................................................................................................18
数据库部署前提建议...............................................................................................................19
1  数据库产品选择建议...................................................................................................19
2  磁盘阵列布局原则.......................................................................................................19
数据库物理结构设计...............................................................................................................20
1  软件安装路径及环境变量...........................................................................................20
2  数据库实例的命名规则...............................................................................................20
3  表空间设计....................................................................................................................21
3.1  业务数据量的估算............................................................................................21
3.2  表空间的使用规则............................................................................................22
3.2.1  表空间的类型.........................................................................................22
3.2.2  表空间及其文件的命名规则.................................................................24
3.3  表空间的物理使用规则....................................................................................26
3.3.1  表空间的物理分布.................................................................................26
3.3.2  表空间的存储参数的设置.....................................................................27
3.4  表空间的参数设置原则....................................................................................28
3.4.1  Extent 的管理..........................................................................................28
3.4.2  Segemnt 的管理.......................................................................................29
3.4.3  Autoextend_Clause..................................................................................31
3.5  表的参数设置原则............................................................................................32
3.5.1  Undo/temp 表空间的估算......................................................................32
3.6  索引的使用原则................................................................................................33
4  文件设计........................................................................................................................34
4.1  RAC 配置文件...................................................................................................34
4.2  参数文件.............................................................................................................35
4.2.1  参数文件命名规则.................................................................................35
4.3  控制文件.............................................................................................................36
4.3.1  控制文件命名规则.................................................................................36
4.4  重做日志文件....................................................................................................37
4.4.1  日志文件命名规则.................................................................................38
数据库应用...............................................................................................................................39
1  数据库用户设计............................................................................................................39
1.1  数据库用户的权限............................................................................................39
1.1.1  用户权限控制原则.................................................................................39
1.1.2  用户及其权限规范.................................................................................39
1.1.3  各用户类型的角色命名规范.................................................................41
1.2  数据库用户安全的实现....................................................................................42
1.2.1  数据库特权.............................................................................................42
北京数据中心 开放系统平台管理部

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1.2.2  角色.........................................................................................................42
1.2.3  授予权限和角色.....................................................................................45
1.2.4  数据库默认用户.....................................................................................47
1.2.5  数据库用户密码.....................................................................................47
2  数据库分区....................................................................................................................47
2.1  数据库分区介绍................................................................................................47
2.2  逻辑分割.............................................................................................................48
2.3  物理分割.............................................................................................................48
2.4  分区后对数据库管理的好处............................................................................48
2.5  分区对数据库规划、创建带来的负面影响....................................................49
2.6  Oracle 分区技术.................................................................................................49
2.7  分区使用选择....................................................................................................49
2.8  分区索引.............................................................................................................50
2.8.1  全局索引(GLOBAL index )....................................................................50
2.8.2  本地索引(LOCAL index).......................................................................50
3  数据库实例配置............................................................................................................51
3.1  数据库字符集....................................................................................................51
3.2  数据库版本和补丁集........................................................................................52
4  数据库参数设置............................................................................................................52
4.1  必须修改的初始化参数....................................................................................53
4.1.1  DB_CACHE_SIZE..................................................................................53
4.1.2  SHARED_POOL_SIZE..........................................................................53
4.1.3  LARGE_POOL_SIZE.............................................................................54
4.1.4  DB_BLOCK_SIZE..................................................................................55
4.1.5  SP_FILE...................................................................................................55
4.1.6  PGA_AGGREGATE_TARGET..............................................................56
4.1.7  PROCESSES...........................................................................................56
4.1.8  OPEN_CURSORS...................................................................................56
4.1.9  MAX_DUMP_FILE_SIZE.....................................................................57
4.1.10  RECOVERY_PARALLELISM.............................................................57
4.1.11  PARALLEL_EXECUTION_MESSAGE_SIZE...................................57
4.1.12  INSTANCE_GROUPS（RAC）..........................................................57
4.1.13  PARALLEL_INSTANCE_GROUP（RAC）......................................58
4.1.14  与 DRM 有关的隐藏参数（RAC）....................................................58
4.2  系统优化建议修改的初始化参数....................................................................59
4.2.1  SESSION_CACHED_CURSORS..........................................................59
4.2.2  BACKUP_TAPE_IO_SLAVES..............................................................59
4.2.3  JAVA_POOL_SIZE.................................................................................60
4.2.4  OPTIMIZER_INDEX_COST_ADJ........................................................60
4.3  不得修改的初始化参数....................................................................................60
4.3.1  COMPATIBLE.........................................................................................60
4.3.2  CURSOR_SHARING.............................................................................61
4.3.3  SGA_TARGET........................................................................................61
北京数据中心 开放系统平台管理部

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4.3.4  SGA_MAX_SIZE....................................................................................61
4.4  建议不修改的初始化参数................................................................................62
4.4.1  UNDO_RETENTION.............................................................................62
4.4.2  SESSIONS...............................................................................................62
4.4.3  TRANSACTIONS...................................................................................62
4.4.4  DB_KEEP_CACHE_SIZE......................................................................63
4.4.5  LOCK_SGA............................................................................................63
4.4.6  DB_FILES...............................................................................................64
4.4.7  DB_FILE_MULTIBLOCK_READ_COUNT........................................64
4.4.8  LOG_BUFFER........................................................................................64
4.4.9  FAST_START_MTTR_TARGET...........................................................65
4.5  与并行操作有关的参数....................................................................................65
5  数据库连接服务............................................................................................................66
5.1  专用服务器连接................................................................................................66
5.2  共享服务器连接................................................................................................67
5.3  连接服务建议....................................................................................................68
5.3.1  专用服务器连接.....................................................................................68
6  数据库安全建议............................................................................................................68
6.1  采用满足需求的最小安装................................................................................68
6.2  安装时的安全....................................................................................................69
6.2.1  删除或修改默认的用户名和密码.........................................................69
6.2.2  安装最新的安全补丁.............................................................................69
7  数据库备份和恢复.......................................................................................................70
7.1  RMAN 备份.......................................................................................................70
7.2  Export/import 备份.............................................................................................70
7.3  存储级备份—虚拟带库....................................................................................71
7.4  数据库恢复........................................................................................................71
7.4.1  实例故障的一致性恢复.........................................................................71
7.4.2  介质故障或文件错误的不一致恢复.....................................................72
8  ORACLE NETWORK 配置.........................................................................................73
8.1  监听器的使用配置原则....................................................................................73
8.2  TNSNAMES 的使用配置原则..........................................................................73
8.3  RAC 环境下 TNSNAMES 的配置....................................................................73
8.3.1  各节点启用负载均衡.............................................................................73
8.3.2  各节点不启用负载均衡.........................................................................74
数据库开发建议.......................................................................................................................75
1  数据库模型设计规范...................................................................................................75
1.1  命名规则.............................................................................................................75
1.2  表.........................................................................................................................76
1.2.1  建表的参数设置.....................................................................................76
1.2.2  主外键设计.............................................................................................77
1.2.3  列设计.....................................................................................................77
1.2.4  临时表.....................................................................................................77
北京数据中心 开放系统平台管理部