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Java Threads, Third Edition

Table Of Contents

1. Java Threads, Third Edition .............................................................................................................. 5

2. Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................. 5

3. Copyright ......................................................................................................................................... 8

4. Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 9

4.1 Who Should Read This Book? .............................................................................................. 10

4.2 Versions Used in This Book .................................................................................................. 10

4.3 What's New in This Edition? ................................................................................................ 11

4.4 Organization of This Book .................................................................................................... 13

4.5 Conventions Used in This Book ............................................................................................ 15

4.6 Code Examples ..................................................................................................................... 16

4.7 How to Contact Us ............................................................................................................... 16

4.8 Safari Enabled ...................................................................................................................... 17

4.9 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 17

5. Chapter 1. Introduction to Threads ............................................................................................... 18

5.1 1.1 Java Terms ...................................................................................................................... 18

5.2 1.2 About the Examples ....................................................................................................... 21

5.3 1.3 Why Threads? ................................................................................................................ 24

5.4 1.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 28

6. Chapter 2. Thread Creation and Management .............................................................................. 29

6.1 2.1 What Is a Thread? .......................................................................................................... 29

6.2 2.2 Creating a Thread ........................................................................................................... 33

6.3 2.3 The Lifecycle of a Thread ............................................................................................... 48

6.4 2.4 Two Approaches to Stopping a Thread .......................................................................... 53

6.5 2.5 The Runnable Interface .................................................................................................. 58

6.6 2.6 Threads and Objects ...................................................................................................... 65

6.7 2.7 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 67

7. Chapter 3. Data Synchronization ................................................................................................... 69

7.1 3.1 The Synchronized Keyword ............................................................................................ 69

7.2 3.2 The Volatile Keyword ..................................................................................................... 73

7.3 3.3 More on Race Conditions .............................................................................................. 76

7.4 3.4 Explicit Locking ............................................................................................................... 84

7.5 3.5 Lock Scope ..................................................................................................................... 89

7.6 3.6 Choosing a Locking Mechanism ..................................................................................... 94

7.7 3.7 Nested Locks .................................................................................................................. 96

7.8 3.8 Deadlock ...................................................................................................................... 100

7.9 3.9 Lock Fairness ................................................................................................................ 109

7.10 3.10 Summary .................................................................................................................. 111

8. Chapter 4. Thread Notification .................................................................................................... 112

8.1 4.1 Wait and Notify ............................................................................................................ 113

8.2 4.2 Condition Variables ...................................................................................................... 123

Java Threads, Third Edition

8.3 4.3 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 128

9. Chapter 5. Minimal Synchronization Techniques......................................................................... 129

9.1 5.1 Can You Avoid Synchronization? .................................................................................. 130

9.2 5.2 Atomic Variables .......................................................................................................... 136

9.3 5.3 Thread Local Variables ................................................................................................. 168

9.4 5.4 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 171

10. Chapter 6. Advanced Synchronization Topics ............................................................................ 172

10.1 6.1 Synchronization Terms ............................................................................................... 173

10.2 6.2 Synchronization Classes Added in J2SE 5.0 ................................................................ 174

10.3 6.3 Preventing Deadlock .................................................................................................. 182

10.4 6.4 Deadlock Detection ................................................................................................... 190

10.5 6.5 Lock Starvation .......................................................................................................... 211

10.6 6.6 Summary .................................................................................................................... 216

11. Chapter 7. Threads and Swing ................................................................................................... 217

11.1 7.1 Swing Threading Restrictions ..................................................................................... 217

11.2 7.2 Processing on the Event-Dispatching Thread ............................................................ 218

11.3 7.3 Using invokeLater( ) and invokeAndWait( ) ................................................................ 219

11.4 7.4 Long-Running Event Callbacks ................................................................................... 222

11.5 7.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 227

12. Chapter 8. Threads and Collection Classes ................................................................................ 228

12.1 8.1 Overview of Collection Classes .................................................................................. 229

12.2 8.2 Synchronization and Collection Classes ..................................................................... 234

12.3 8.3 The Producer/Consumer Pattern ............................................................................... 245

12.4 8.4 Using the Collection Classes ...................................................................................... 249

12.5 8.5 Summary .................................................................................................................... 250

13. Chapter 9. Thread Scheduling .................................................................................................... 251

13.1 9.1 An Overview of Thread Scheduling ............................................................................ 252

13.2 9.2 Scheduling with Thread Priorities .............................................................................. 262

13.3 9.3 Popular Threading Implementations ......................................................................... 264

13.4 9.4 Summary .................................................................................................................... 272

14. Chapter 10. Thread Pools .......................................................................................................... 273

14.1 10.1 Why Thread Pools? .................................................................................................. 273

14.2 10.2 Executors ................................................................................................................. 277

14.3 10.3 Using a Thread Pool ................................................................................................. 279

14.4 10.4 Queues and Sizes ..................................................................................................... 282

14.5 10.5 Thread Creation ....................................................................................................... 287

14.6 10.6 Callable Tasks and Future Results ............................................................................ 288

14.7 10.7 Single-Threaded Access ........................................................................................... 291

14.8 10.8 Summary .................................................................................................................. 293

15. Chapter 11. Task Scheduling ...................................................................................................... 294

15.1 11.1 Overview of Task Scheduling ................................................................................... 295

15.2 11.2 The java.util.Timer Class .......................................................................................... 296

15.3 11.3 The javax.swing.Timer Class ..................................................................................... 307

15.4 11.4 The ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor Class ................................................................ 312

Java Threads, Third Edition

15.5 11.5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 322

16. Chapter 12. Threads and I/O ..................................................................................................... 324

16.1 12.1 A Traditional I/O Server ........................................................................................... 325

16.2 12.2 A New I/O Server ..................................................................................................... 343

16.3 12.3 Interrupted I/O ........................................................................................................ 360

16.4 12.4 Summary .................................................................................................................. 365

17. Chapter 13. Miscellaneous Thread Topics ................................................................................. 367

17.1 13.1 Thread Groups ......................................................................................................... 367

17.2 13.2 Threads and Java Security ........................................................................................ 369

17.3 13.3 Daemon Threads ...................................................................................................... 372

17.4 13.4 Threads and Class Loading ....................................................................................... 373

17.5 13.5 Threads and Exception Handling ............................................................................. 374

17.6 13.6 Threads, Stacks, and Memory Usage ....................................................................... 379

17.7 13.7 Summary .................................................................................................................. 384

18. Chapter 14. Thread Performance .............................................................................................. 384

18.1 14.1 Overview of Performance ........................................................................................ 385

18.2 14.2 Synchronized Collections ......................................................................................... 387

18.3 14.3 Atomic Variables and Contended Synchronization .................................................. 389

18.4 14.4 Thread Creation and Thread Pools .......................................................................... 391

18.5 14.5 Summary .................................................................................................................. 392

19. Chapter 15. Parallelizing Loops for Multiprocessor Machines .................................................. 393

19.1 15.1 Parallelizing a Single-Threaded Program ................................................................. 394

19.2 15.2 Multiprocessor Scaling ............................................................................................. 437

19.3 15.3 Summary .................................................................................................................. 456

20. Appendix A. Superseded Threading Utilities ............................................................................. 458

20.1 A.1 The BusyFlag Class ..................................................................................................... 459

20.2 A.2 The CondVar Class ..................................................................................................... 461

20.3 A.3 The Barrier Class ........................................................................................................ 467

20.4 A.4 The RWLock Class ...................................................................................................... 469

20.5 A.5 The ThreadPool Class................................................................................................. 475

20.6 A.6 The JobScheduler Class ............................................................................................. 482

20.7 A.7 Summary ................................................................................................................... 492

21. Colophon ................................................................................................................................... 493

22. Index .......................................................................................................................................... 494

22.1 index_A ............................................................................................................................ 494

22.2 index_B ............................................................................................................................ 495

22.3 index_C ............................................................................................................................ 496

22.4 index_D ............................................................................................................................ 498

22.5 index_E ............................................................................................................................ 498

22.6 index_F ............................................................................................................................ 499

22.7 index_G ............................................................................................................................ 500

22.8 index_H ............................................................................................................................ 500

22.9 index_I ............................................................................................................................. 501

22.10 index_J ........................................................................................................................... 502