Cooperative MIMO Scheme
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Hindawi Publishing Corporation
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Volume 2006, Article ID 72493, Pages 1–9
DOI 10.1155/WCN/2006/72493
A Novel Cluster-Based Cooperative MIMO Scheme for
Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Networks
Yong Yuan,
1
Min Chen,
2
and Taekyoung Kwo n
3
1
Department of Electronics and Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
2
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
3
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151742, South Korea
Received 4 November 2005; Revised 11 April 2006; Accepted 26 May 2006
A cluster-based cooperative multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) scheme is proposed to reduce the adverse impacts caused
by radio irregularity and fading in multi-hop wireless sensor networks. This scheme extends the LEACH protocol to enable the
multi-hop transmissions among clusters by incorporating a cooperative MIMO scheme into hop-by-hop transmissions. Through
the adaptive selection of cooperative nodes and the coordination between multi-hop routing and cooperative MIMO transmis-
sions, the scheme can gain effective performance improvement in terms of energy efficiency and reliability. Based on the energy
consumption model developed in this paper, the optimal parameters to minimize the overall energy consumption are found, such
as the number of clusters and the number of cooperative nodes. Simulation results exhibit that the proposed scheme can effectively
save energy and prolong the network lifetime.
Copyright © 2006 Yong Yuan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the limited energy and difficulty to recharge a large
number of sensors, energy efficiency and maximizing net-
work lifetime have been the most impor tant design goals for
wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, channel fading,
interference, and radio irregularity pose big challenges on the
design of energy efficient communication and routing proto-
cols in the multi-hop WSNs.
As the MIMO technology has the potential to dramat-
ically increase the channel capacity and reduce transmis-
sion energy consumption in fading channels [1], cooperative
MIMO schemes have been proposed for WSNs to improve
communication performance [2–5]. In those schemes, mul-
tiple individual single-antenna nodes cooperate on informa-
tion transmission and/or reception for energy-efficient com-
munications. Cui et al. [2]analyzedacooperativeMIMO
scheme with Alamouti code for single-hop transmissions
in WSNs. Li [3] proposed a delay and channel estimation
scheme without transmission synchronization for decoding
for such cooperative MIMO schemes. Li et al. [4] also pro-
posed a STBC-encoded cooperative transmission scheme for
WSNs without perfect synchronization. Jayaweera [5]con-
sidered the training overhead of such schemes.
However, in the above proposals, the multi-hop rout-
ing and distributed operations in WSNs are not taken into
consideration, which limits the practical use of the coop-
erative MIMO schemes in WSN. In this paper we study
the feasibility of a cooperative MIMO scheme in multi-
hop WSNs. Radio irregularity of wireless communications
and multi-hop routing is considered with the cooperative
MIMO scheme. On the other hand, due to its ability of fre-
quency reuse and efficiency in processing highly correlated
data, clustering is efficient in the design of WSNs. There-
fore, we incorporate the cooperative MIMO scheme with the
LEACHprotocol,whichisanefficient clustering protocol
due to its energy-efficient, randomized, adaptive, and self-
configuring cluster formation. As only single-hop communi-
cations from cluster heads to the sink are considered in the
original LEACH protocol, we modify the LEACH protocol to
allow cluster heads to form a multi-hop backbone and in-
corporate the cooperative MIMO scheme into each single-
hop transmission. Based on the proposed scheme, we investi-
gate the energy consumption of each transmission/reception.
Then, the overall energy consumption model is developed,
and the optimal parameters of the scheme are found such
as the number of clusters and the number of cooperative
nodes.
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