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TMS320C28x Assembly Language Tools

v17.3.0.STS

User's Guide

Literature Number: SPRU513M

March 2017

SPRU513M–March 2017

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Contents

Preface....................................................................................................................................... 11

1 Introduction to the Software Development Tools.................................................................... 14

1.1 Software Development Tools Overview ................................................................................. 15

1.2 Tools Descriptions.......................................................................................................... 16

2 Introduction to Object Modules............................................................................................ 17

2.1 Executable Object Files ................................................................................................... 18

2.2 Introduction to Sections ................................................................................................... 18

2.2.1 Special Section Names........................................................................................... 19

2.3 How the Assembler Handles Sections .................................................................................. 20

2.3.1 Uninitialized Sections ............................................................................................. 20

2.3.2 Initialized Sections ................................................................................................ 21

2.3.3 User-Named Sections ............................................................................................ 21

2.3.4 Current Section .................................................................................................... 22

2.3.5 Section Program Counters....................................................................................... 22

2.3.6 Subsections ........................................................................................................ 22

2.3.7 Using Sections Directives ........................................................................................ 23

2.4 How the Linker Handles Sections........................................................................................ 26

2.4.1 Combining Input Sections........................................................................................ 26

2.4.2 Placing Sections................................................................................................... 27

2.5 Symbols ..................................................................................................................... 28

2.5.1 External Symbols.................................................................................................. 28

2.5.2 The Symbol Table................................................................................................. 29

2.6 Symbolic Relocations ...................................................................................................... 29

2.6.1 Expressions With Multiple Relocatable Symbols (COFF Only) ............................................. 29

2.7 Loading a Program......................................................................................................... 30

3 Program Loading and Running ............................................................................................ 31

3.1 Loading ...................................................................................................................... 32

3.1.1 Load and Run Addresses ........................................................................................ 32

3.1.2 Bootstrap Loading................................................................................................. 33

3.2 Entry Point................................................................................................................... 37

3.3 Run-Time Initialization ..................................................................................................... 37

3.3.1 _c_int00............................................................................................................. 37

3.3.2 RAM Model vs. ROM Model ..................................................................................... 38

3.3.3 Copy Tables........................................................................................................ 39

3.4 Arguments to main ......................................................................................................... 40

3.5 Run-Time Relocation ...................................................................................................... 40

3.6 Additional Information...................................................................................................... 40

4 Assembler Description........................................................................................................ 41

4.1 Assembler Overview ....................................................................................................... 42

4.2 The Assembler's Role in the Software Development Flow ........................................................... 43

4.3 Invoking the Assembler.................................................................................................... 44

4.4 Naming Alternate Directories for Assembler Input..................................................................... 45

4.4.1 Using the --include_path Assembler Option ................................................................... 45

4.4.2 Using the C2000_A_DIR Environment Variable .............................................................. 46

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4.5 Source Statement Format................................................................................................. 47

4.5.1 Label Field.......................................................................................................... 48

4.5.2 Mnemonic Field.................................................................................................... 49

4.5.3 Operand Field...................................................................................................... 49

4.5.4 Comment Field .................................................................................................... 49

4.6 Literal Constants ........................................................................................................... 50

4.6.1 Integer Literals..................................................................................................... 50

4.6.2 Character String Literals.......................................................................................... 51

4.6.3 Floating-Point Literals............................................................................................. 52

4.7 Assembler Symbols........................................................................................................ 52

4.7.1 Identifiers ........................................................................................................... 52

4.7.2 Labels............................................................................................................... 53

4.7.3 Local Labels........................................................................................................ 53

4.7.4 Symbolic Constants............................................................................................... 56

4.7.5 Defining Symbolic Constants (--asm_define Option) ......................................................... 56

4.7.6 Predefined Symbolic Constants ................................................................................. 57

4.7.7 Registers ........................................................................................................... 58

4.7.8 Substitution Symbols.............................................................................................. 59

4.8 Expressions ................................................................................................................. 60

4.8.1 Mathematical and Logical Operators ........................................................................... 61

4.8.2 Relational Operators and Conditional Expressions........................................................... 62

4.8.3 Well-Defined Expressions........................................................................................ 62

4.8.4 Legal Expressions................................................................................................. 62

4.9 Built-in Functions and Operators......................................................................................... 63

4.9.1 Built-In Math and Trigonometric Functions .................................................................... 63

4.10 TMS320C28x Assembler Modes......................................................................................... 64

4.10.1 C28x Object Mode ............................................................................................... 64

4.10.2 C28x FPU32 Object Mode ...................................................................................... 64

4.10.3 C28x CLA Object Mode ......................................................................................... 64

4.11 Source Listings ............................................................................................................. 66

4.12 Debugging Assembly Source............................................................................................. 68

4.13 Cross-Reference Listings ................................................................................................. 69

4.14 Smart Encoding............................................................................................................. 70

4.15 Pipeline Conflict Detection ................................................................................................ 71

4.15.1 Protected and Unprotected Pipeline Instructions ............................................................ 71

4.15.2 Pipeline Conflict Prevention and Detection ................................................................... 71

4.15.3 Pipeline Conflicts Detected ..................................................................................... 72

5 Assembler Directives.......................................................................................................... 73

5.1 Directives Summary........................................................................................................ 74

5.2 Compatibility With the TMS320C1x/C2x/C2xx/C5x Assembler Directives.......................................... 78

5.3 Directives that Define Sections........................................................................................... 79

5.4 Directives that Initialize Values ........................................................................................... 80

5.5 Directives that Perform Alignment and Reserve Space............................................................... 83

5.6 Directives that Format the Output Listings.............................................................................. 84

5.7 Directives that Reference Other Files ................................................................................... 85

5.8 Directives that Enable Conditional Assembly........................................................................... 86

5.9 Directives that Define Union or Structure Types ....................................................................... 86

5.10 Directives that Define Enumerated Types .............................................................................. 86

5.11 Directives that Define Symbols at Assembly Time .................................................................... 87

5.12 Miscellaneous Directives .................................................................................................. 88

5.13 Directives Reference....................................................................................................... 89

6 Macro Language Description ............................................................................................. 142

6.1 Using Macros.............................................................................................................. 143

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6.2 Defining Macros........................................................................................................... 143

6.3 Macro Parameters/Substitution Symbols .............................................................................. 145

6.3.1 Directives That Define Substitution Symbols................................................................. 146

6.3.2 Built-In Substitution Symbol Functions........................................................................ 147

6.3.3 Recursive Substitution Symbols ............................................................................... 148

6.3.4 Forced Substitution .............................................................................................. 148

6.3.5 Accessing Individual Characters of Subscripted Substitution Symbols................................... 149

6.3.6 Substitution Symbols as Local Variables in Macros ........................................................ 150

6.4 Macro Libraries............................................................................................................ 150

6.5 Using Conditional Assembly in Macros ................................................................................ 151

6.6 Using Labels in Macros .................................................................................................. 153

6.7 Producing Messages in Macros ........................................................................................ 154

6.8 Using Directives to Format the Output Listing ........................................................................ 155

6.9 Using Recursive and Nested Macros .................................................................................. 156

6.10 Macro Directives Summary.............................................................................................. 157

7 Archiver Description ......................................................................................................... 158

7.1 Archiver Overview ........................................................................................................ 159

7.2 The Archiver's Role in the Software Development Flow............................................................. 160

7.3 Invoking the Archiver ..................................................................................................... 161

7.4 Archiver Examples........................................................................................................ 162

7.5 Library Information Archiver Description............................................................................... 163

7.5.1 Invoking the Library Information Archiver..................................................................... 163

7.5.2 Library Information Archiver Example......................................................................... 164

7.5.3 Listing the Contents of an Index Library ...................................................................... 164

7.5.4 Requirements .................................................................................................... 164

8 Linker Description ............................................................................................................ 165

8.1 Linker Overview........................................................................................................... 166

8.2 The Linker's Role in the Software Development Flow ............................................................... 167

8.3 Invoking the Linker........................................................................................................ 168

8.4 Linker Options............................................................................................................. 169

8.4.1 Wildcards in File, Section, and Symbol Patterns ............................................................ 171

8.4.2 Specifying C/C++ Symbols with Linker Options ............................................................. 171

8.4.3 Relocation Capabilities (--absolute_exe and --relocatable Options) ...................................... 172

8.4.4 Allocate Memory for Use by the Loader to Pass Arguments (--arg_size Option) ....................... 173

8.4.5 Control Linker Diagnostics...................................................................................... 173

8.4.6 Automatic Library Selection (--disable_auto_rts Option) ................................................... 174

8.4.7 Disable Conditional Linking (--disable_clink Option) ........................................................ 174

8.4.8 Linker Command File Preprocessing (--disable_pp, --define and --undefine Options) ................. 174

8.4.9 Error Correcting Code Testing (--ecc Options) .............................................................. 176

8.4.10 Define an Entry Point (--entry_point Option) ................................................................ 176

8.4.11 Set Default Fill Value (--fill_value Option) ................................................................... 177

8.4.12 Define Heap Size (--heap_size Option)...................................................................... 177

8.4.13 Hiding Symbols ................................................................................................. 177

8.4.14 Alter the Library Search Algorithm (--library Option, --search_path Option, and C2000_C_DIR

Environment Variable)........................................................................................... 178

8.4.15 Change Symbol Localization.................................................................................. 180

8.4.16 Create a Map File (--map_file Option) ....................................................................... 182

8.4.17 Managing Map File Contents (--mapfile_contents Option) ................................................ 183

8.4.18 Disable Name Demangling (--no_demangle) ............................................................... 184

8.4.19 Disable Merging of Symbolic Debugging Information (--no_sym_merge Option) ...................... 184

8.4.20 Strip Symbolic Information (--no_symtable Option) ........................................................ 184

8.4.21 Name an Output Module (--output_file Option) ............................................................. 185

8.4.22 Prioritizing Function Placement (--preferred_order Option) ............................................... 185

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Contents

8.4.23 C Language Options (--ram_model and --rom_model Options) .......................................... 185

8.4.24 Create an Absolute Listing File (--run_abs Option) ........................................................ 185

8.4.25 Scan All Libraries for Duplicate Symbol Definitions (--scan_libraries)................................... 185

8.4.26 Define Stack Size (--stack_size Option) ..................................................................... 185

8.4.27 Enforce Strict Compatibility (--strict_compatibility Option) ................................................ 186

8.4.28 Mapping of Symbols (--symbol_map Option) ............................................................... 186

8.4.29 Introduce an Unresolved Symbol (--undef_sym Option)................................................... 186

8.4.30 Display a Message When an Undefined Output Section Is Created (--warn_sections)............... 186

8.4.31 Generate XML Link Information File (--xml_link_info Option)............................................. 186

8.5 Linker Command Files ................................................................................................... 187

8.5.1 Reserved Names in Linker Command Files.................................................................. 188

8.5.2 Constants in Linker Command Files .......................................................................... 188

8.5.3 Accessing Files and Libraries from a Linker Command File ............................................... 189

8.5.4 The MEMORY Directive ........................................................................................ 190

8.5.5 The SECTIONS Directive....................................................................................... 194

8.5.6 Placing a Section at Different Load and Run Addresses................................................... 209

8.5.7 Using GROUP and UNION Statements ...................................................................... 211

8.5.8 Overlaying Pages ................................................................................................ 215

8.5.9 Special Section Types (DSECT, COPY, and NOLOAD) ................................................... 218

8.5.10 Configuring Error Correcting Code (ECC) with the Linker ................................................ 219

8.5.11 Assigning Symbols at Link Time.............................................................................. 221

8.5.12 Creating and Filling Holes ..................................................................................... 226

8.6 Linker Symbols............................................................................................................ 229

8.6.1 Using Linker Symbols in C/C++ Applications ................................................................ 229

8.6.2 Resolving Symbols with Object Libraries..................................................................... 230

8.7 Default Placement Algorithm ............................................................................................ 232

8.7.1 How the Allocation Algorithm Creates Output Sections .................................................... 232

8.7.2 Reducing Memory Fragmentation ............................................................................. 233

8.8 Linker-Generated Copy Tables ......................................................................................... 233

8.8.1 Using Copy Tables for Boot Loading.......................................................................... 233

8.8.2 Using Built-in Link Operators in Copy Tables................................................................ 234

8.8.3 Overlay Management Example ................................................................................ 234

8.8.4 Generating Copy Tables With the table() Operator ......................................................... 235

8.8.5 Copy Table Contents............................................................................................ 239

8.8.6 General Purpose Copy Routine................................................................................ 241

8.9 Linker-Generated CRC Tables.......................................................................................... 241

8.9.1 The crc_table() Operator........................................................................................ 242

8.9.2 Restrictions ....................................................................................................... 242

8.9.3 Examples ......................................................................................................... 243

8.9.4 Interface........................................................................................................... 245

8.9.5 A Special Note Regarding 16-Bit char ........................................................................ 248

8.10 Partial (Incremental) Linking............................................................................................. 249

8.11 Linking C/C++ Code...................................................................................................... 250

8.11.1 Run-Time Initialization ......................................................................................... 250

8.11.2 Object Libraries and Run-Time Support ..................................................................... 250

8.11.3 Setting the Size of the Stack and Heap Sections .......................................................... 250

8.11.4 Initializing and AutoInitialzing Variables at Run Time...................................................... 251

8.12 Linker Example............................................................................................................ 251

9 Absolute Lister Description ............................................................................................... 255

9.1 Producing an Absolute Listing .......................................................................................... 256

9.2 Invoking the Absolute Lister ............................................................................................. 257

9.3 Absolute Lister Example ................................................................................................. 258

10 Cross-Reference Lister Description .................................................................................... 261

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