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The Generic Mapping Tools

Version 4.4.0

A Map-making Tutorial

al (Paul) Wessel

School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology

University of Hawai’i at M

anoa

and

Walter H. F. Smith

Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry

NOAA/NESDIS

Feb 2009

Generic Mapping Tools Graphics

Contents

Front page i

Contents ii

INTRODUCTION 1

GMT overview: History, philosophy, and usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Historical highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Why is GMT so popular? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

GMT installation considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 SESSION ONE 2

1.1 Tutorial setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 The GMT environment: What happens when you run GMT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.1 Input data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2.2 Job Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.3 Output data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.3 The UNIX Environment: Entry Level Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.1 Redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.2 Piping (|) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.3 Standard error (stderr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3.4 File name expansion or “wild cards” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4 Laboratory Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4.1 Linear projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4.2 Logarithmic projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.4.3 Mercator projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.4.4 Albers projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4.5 Orthographic projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4.6 Eckert IV and VI projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2 SESSION TWO 8

2.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.1.1 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1.3 More exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Plotting text strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3 SESSION THREE 14

3.1 Contouring gridded data sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1.1 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3.2 Gridding of arbitrarily spaced data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.2.1 Nearest neighbor gridding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.2.2 Gridding with Splines in Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.2.3 Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.3 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce new users to GMT, outline the GMT environment, and enable

you to make several forms of graphics without having to know too much about UNIX and UNIX tools. We

will not be able to cover all aspects of GMT nor will we necessarily cover the selected topics in sufﬁcient

detail. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the exposure will prompt the users to improve their GMT and UNIX

skills after completion of this short tutorial.

GMT overview: History, philosophy, and usage

Historical highlights

The GMT system was initiated in late 1987 at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University

by graduate students Paul Wessel and Walter H. F. Smith. Version 1 was ofﬁcially introduced to Lamont

scientists in July 1988. GMT 1 migrated by word of mouth (and tape) to other institutions in the United

States, UK, Japan, and France and attracted a small following. Paul took a Post-doctoral position at SOEST

in December 1989 and continued the GMT development. Version 2.0 was released with an article in EOS,

October 1991, and quickly spread worldwide. We obtained NSF-funding for GMT version 3.0 in 1993

which was released with another article in EOS on August 15, 1995. Signiﬁcantly improved versions (3.1-

3.3, 3.3.1–6), 3.4, 3.4.1–5, and 4.0–3.1 were released between November 1998 and May 2008, culminating

in the Feb 2009 introduction of 4.4.0. GMT now is used by ∼15,000 users worldwide in a broad range of

disciplines.

Philosophy

GMT follows the UNIX philosophy in which complex tasks are broken down into smaller and more man-

ageable components. Individual GMT modules are small, easy to maintain, and can be used as any other

UNIX tool. GMT is written in the ANSI C programming language (very portable), is POSIX compliant,

and is independent of hardware constraints (e.g., memory). GMT was deliberately written for command-

line usage, not a windows environment, in order to maximize ﬂexibility. We standardized early on to use

PostScript output instead of other graphics formats. Apart from the built-in support for coastlines, GMT

completely decouples data retrieval from the main GMT programs. GMT uses architecture-independent

ﬁle formats.

Why is GMT so popular?

The price is right! Also, GMT offers unlimited ﬂexibility since it can be called from the command line,

inside scripts, and from user programs. GMT has attracted many users because of its high quality PostScript

output. GMT easily installs on almost any computer.

GMT installation considerations

GMT has been installed on machines ranging from super-computers to lap-top PCs. GMT only contains

some 100,000 lines of code and has modest space/memory requirements. Minimum requirements are

• The netCDF library 3.4 or higher (free from www.unidata.edu).

• A C Compiler (free from www.gnu.org).

• About 100 Mb disk space (70 Mb additional for full- and high-resolution coast-lines).

• About 32 Mb memory.

In addition, we recommend access to a PostScript printer or equivalent (e.g., ghostscript ), PostScript

previewer (e.g., ghostview), any ﬂavor of the UNIX operating system, and more disk space and memory.

1. SESSION ONE

1.1 Tutorial setup

1. We assume that GMT has been properly and fully installed and that the GMT executables are in your

executable path described in the GMT README ﬁle.

2. All GMT man pages, documentation, and example scripts are available from the GMT documentation

web page. It is assumed these pages have been installed locally at your site; if not they are always

available from the main GMT home page

3. We recommend you create a sub-directory called tutorial, cd into that directory, and copy all the tutorial

ﬁles directly there with “cp -r $GMTHOME/tutorial/

. ”.

4. As we discuss GMT principles it may be a good idea to consult the GMT Technical Reference and

Cookbook for more detailed explanations.

5. The tutorial uses the supplemental GMT program grdraster to extract subsets of global gridded data

sets. For your convenience we also supply the subsets in the event you do not wish to install grdraster

and the public data sets it can read. Thus, run the grdraster commands if you have made the installa-

tion or ignore them if you have not.

6. For all but the simplest GMT jobs it is recommended that you place all the GMT (and UNIX) commands

in a shell script ﬁle and make it executable. To ensure that UNIX recognizes your script as a shell script

it is a good habit always to start the script with the line #!/bin/sh or #!/bin/csh, depending on the shell

you prefer to use. All the examples in this tutorial assumes you are running the bourne shell, sh ; if you

are using something different then you are on your own.

7. Making a script executable is accomplished using the chmod command, e.g., the script ﬁgure 1.sh is

made executable with “chmod +x figure 1.sh”.

8. To view a PostScript ﬁle (e.g., map.ps) on a UNIX workstation we use ghostview map.ps. On some

systems there will be similar commands, like imagetool and pageview on Sun workstations. In this text

we will refer to ghostview; please substitute the relevant PostScript previewer on your system.

9. Please cd into the directory tutorial. We are now ready to start.

1.2 The GMT environment: What happens when you run GMT?

To get a good grasp on GMT one must understand what is going on “under the hood”. Figure 1.1 illustrates

the relationships you need to be aware of at run-time.

1.2.1 Input data

A GMT program may or may not take input ﬁles. Three different types of input are recognized (more

details can be found in Appendix B in the Technical Reference):

1. Data tables. These are “spreadsheet” tables with a ﬁxed number of columns and unlimited number of

rows. We distinguish between two groups:

• ASCII (Preferred unless ﬁles are huge)

– Single segment [Default]

– Multi-segment with internal header records (–M)

http://gmt.soest.hawaii.edu

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