GprMax2D/3D
User’s Manual
Version 2.0
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claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this manual, and the author was
aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or small caps.
The procedures and applications presented in this manual have been included for their
instructional value. They have been tested with care but are not guaranteed for any particular
purpose. The author does not offer any warranties or representations, nor does it accept any
liabilities with respect to the programmes or applications.
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Copyright © 2005 by Antonis Giannopoulos
All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce and use this manual and GprMax
software for academic or commercial purposes.
LICENCE:
GprMax2D V 2.0 (Electromagnetic simulator for Ground Probing Radar)
GprMax3D V 2.0 (Electromagnetic simulator for Ground Probing Radar)
AUTHOR: Antonis Giannopoulos
COPYRIGHT: Antonis Giannopoulos, 2005
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
This Licence applies to the GprMax2D and GprMax3D executable forms, object codes and to
every file which is part of the GprMax2D and GprMax3D source codes. The “Programmes”,
below, refers to the executable images of GprMax2D and GprMax3D and to all the files which
constitute the source codes for GprMax2D and GprMax3D. The licensee is addressed as
“you”. Any modification of the Programmes and their source code including translation to other
programming languages is referred to as “modification”.
1. You are licenced to copy and distribute only verbatim copies of the Programmes in any
medium. You must keep intact all the notices that refer to their Licence and all copyright
notices included in the Programmes.
Activities other than executing, copying, distribution and modification are not covered by
this Licence; they are outside its scope.
2. (a) You may modify your copy or copies of the Programmes or any portions of them for
your own personal use only.
(b) You may not modify your copy or copies of the Programmes or any portions of them,
thus forming a work based on the Programmes for any other use different from the
one stated in a) above.
NO WARRANTY
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAMMES, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY
APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDER PROVIDES THE PROGRAMMES “AS IS” WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY OF ANY
KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE
PROGRAMMES IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAMMES PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU
ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY
GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF
THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAMMES (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAMMES TO OPERATE WITH ANY
OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF
THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
Preface
GprMax2D andGprMax3D areelectromagneticwave simulators for Ground Penetrating Radar
modelling. They are based on the Finite-DifferenceTime-Domain numerical method. This User’s
Manual describes the installation of GprMax2D/3D and the various commands which are
available for the construction of 2D and 3D GPR models. Some simple examples of GPR mod-
els are provided to illustrate the procedures that should be followed in order to obtain useful
models using GprMax2D/3D. Please do report any errors or omissions to the author.
If you require further information about GprMax2D and GprMax3D or you have any sugges-
tions for improvements to the software or to this User’s Manual please contact the author:
Dr Antonis Giannopoulos
University of Edinburgh
School of Engineering and Electronics
Institute for Infrastructure and Environment
AGB Building, The King’s Buildings,
Edinburgh, EH9 3JN, Scotland
E-mail: A.Giannopoulos@ed.ac.uk
Preface to Version 2.0
The GprMax2D/3D codes have been around for some time since their initial development in
1996. At that time, 32Mb of RAM and processor speeds of 100 MHz were considered top of the
range in computer technology! Clearly things have moved on. As computer power increases
we are able to realistically model more complex GPR scenarios and even attempt models of GPR
transducers. Version 2.0 of GprMax mainly brings the 2D model in a par with the 3D in terms of
development of the underlying numerical modelling technique.
New with Version 2.0 are:
• Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) boundaries for both
1
GprMax2D and GprMax3D
• User specified excitation functions for both GprMax2D and GprMax3D
• Huygens’s Surface in GprMax3D
• Plane Wave excitation in GprMax3D for free space simulations which will be extended for
half space simulations in future.
• Simulation of thin-wires in GprMax3D.
• Voltage sources in GprMax3D along with 1D transmission lines for feeding models of GPR
antennas.
• New excitation structure which makes GprMax2D/3D more general in use and allows for
multiple sources and receivers at the same time.
• New geometry primitive in GprMax3D to create cylinders of any orientation in the model
space.
• Both codes have been parallelised using OpenMP
2
• The cryptic errorcodes of GprMax2D have been replacedby errormessages as in GprMax3D.
I hope to continue developing GprMax in the future so it will become more versatile than what
it is at the moment. If you need to work with the source code you could request it in writing. You
should state that you will not redistribute the code to anyone either verbatim or in any modified
version of it. Finally you should put in a few words about the reasons for needing it.
For any ideas or bugs or collaboration please do not hesitate to contact me!
Antonis Giannopoulos, 2005
1
PML boundaries were introduced for GprMax3D with Version 1.5
2
The executables are serial versions due to licensing of OpenMP compilers. Contact me for more information.
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