GIS 软件应用
实验指导书
杨克诚 编
资环学院地理信息科学系
2006 年 12 月
GIS 软件应用-ArcGIS
GSNIAC: http://www.geo-spatial.net/ kecheng.yang@gmail.com
i
目 录
实验一、使用 ARCMAP 浏览地理数据.............................................................................................1
一、实验目的 ...................................................................................................................................1
二、实验准备 ...................................................................................................................................1
三、实验步骤及方法 ........................................................................................................................3
第
1
步
启动
ArcMap...................................................................................................................3
第
2
步
检查要素图层
..................................................................................................................5
第
3
步
显示其它图层
..................................................................................................................6
第
4
步
查询地理要素
..................................................................................................................7
第
5
步
检查其它属性信息
...........................................................................................................9
第
6
步
设置并显示地图提示信息
.............................................................................................11
第
7
步
根据要素属性设置图层渲染样式
..................................................................................14
第
8
步
根据属性选择要素
.........................................................................................................18
第
9
步
使用空间关系选择地理要素
.........................................................................................20
第
10
步
退出
ArcMap...............................................................................................................22
四、实验报告要求..........................................................................................................................23
实验二、空间数据库管理及属性编辑 ...............................................................................................24
一、实验目的 .................................................................................................................................24
二、实验准备 .................................................................................................................................24
三、实验内容及步骤 ......................................................................................................................25
第
1
步
启动
ArcCatalog
打开一个地理数据库
..........................................................................25
第
2
步
预览地理数据库中的要素类
.........................................................................................26
第
3
步
创建缩图，并查看元数据
.............................................................................................28
第
4
步
创建个人地理数据库
(Personal Geodatabase-PGD).......................................................29
第
5
步
拖放数据到
ArcMap
中
..................................................................................................37
第
6
步
编辑属性数据及进行
1
：
M
的空间查询
.......................................................................38
第
7
步
导入
GPS
数据，生成图层
............................................................................................40
四、实验报告要求..........................................................................................................................44
实验三、影像配准及矢量化...............................................................................................................46
一、实验目的 .................................................................................................................................46
二、实验准备 .................................................................................................................................46
三、实验内容及步骤 ......................................................................................................................46
第
1
步
地形图的配准－加载数据和影像配准工具
...................................................................46
第
2
步
输入控制点
....................................................................................................................47
第
3
步
设定数据框的属性
.........................................................................................................49
GIS 软件应用-ArcGIS
GSNIAC: http://www.geo-spatial.net/ kecheng.yang@gmail.com
ii
第
4
步
矫正并重采样栅格生成新的栅格文件
..........................................................................52
第
5
步
分层矢量化－在
ArcCatalog
中创建一个线要素图层
..................................................53
第
6
步
从已配准的地图上提取等高线并保存到上面创建的要素类中
....................................58
第
7
步
根据
GPS
观测点数据配准影像并矢量化的步骤
..........................................................59
四、实验报告及要求 ......................................................................................................................65
实验四、空间数据处理 ......................................................................................................................66
一、实验目的 .................................................................................................................................66
二、实验准备 .................................................................................................................................66
三、实验内容及步骤 ......................................................................................................................68
空间数据处理
.............................................................................................................................68
第
1
步
裁剪要素
........................................................................................................................68
第
3
步
要素融合
........................................................................................................................71
第
4
步
图层合并
........................................................................................................................72
第
5
步
图层相交
........................................................................................................................74
定义地图投影
.............................................................................................................................75
第
6
步
定义投影
........................................................................................................................75
第
7
步
投影变换――地理坐标系－
>
北京
1954
坐标系转换－
>
西安
80
坐标系
....................76
四、实验报告要求..........................................................................................................................77
实验五、空间分析基本操作...............................................................................................................79
一、实验目的 .................................................................................................................................79
二、实验准备 .................................................................................................................................79
三、实验内容及步骤 ......................................................................................................................80
空间分析模块
.............................................................................................................................80
1.
了解栅格数据
.........................................................................................................................81
2.
用任意多边形剪切栅格数据
(
矢量数据转换为栅格数据
)......................................................83
3.
栅格重分类
(Raster Reclassify)................................................................................................86
4.
栅格计算－查询符合条件的栅格
(Raster Calculator).............................................................87
5.
面积制表（
Tabulate Area
）
....................................................................................................88
6.
分区统计
(Zonal Statistic)........................................................................................................90
7.
缓冲区分析
(Buffer).................................................................................................................92
8.
空间关系查询
.........................................................................................................................95
9.
采样数据的空间内插
(Interpolate)..........................................................................................96
10.
栅格单元统计（
Cell Statistic
）
..........................................................................................100
11.
邻域统计（
Neighborhood
）
...............................................................................................102
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................104
实验六、缓冲区分析应用(综合实验)...............................................................................................105
GIS 软件应用-ArcGIS
GSNIAC: http://www.geo-spatial.net/ kecheng.yang@gmail.com
iii
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................105
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................105
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................105
1.
距离制图－创建缓冲区
........................................................................................................105
1.1
点要素图层的缓冲区分析
..................................................................................................105
1.2
线要素图层的缓冲区分析
..................................................................................................107
1.3
多边形图层的缓冲区分析
..................................................................................................109
2
．综合应用实验
......................................................................................................................110
2.1
水源污染防治
.....................................................................................................................110
2.2
受污染地区的分等定级
......................................................................................................112
2.3
城市化的影响范围
.............................................................................................................115
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................118
实验七、地形分析-----TIN 及 DEM 的生成及应用(综合实验).......................................................119
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................119
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................119
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................119
1. TIN
及
DEM
生成
................................................................................................................119
1.1
由高程点、等高线矢量数据生成
TIN
转为
DEM...............................................................119
1.2 TIN
的显示及应用
...............................................................................................................122
2. DEM
的应用
..........................................................................................................................133
2.1
坡度：
Slope.........................................................................................................................133
2.2
坡向：
Aspect......................................................................................................................136
2.3
提取等高线
..........................................................................................................................138
2.4
计算地形表面的阴影图
.......................................................................................................139
2.5
可视性分析
..........................................................................................................................142
2.6
地形剖面
.............................................................................................................................144
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................145
实验八、MODEL BUILDER 土壤侵蚀危险性建模分析(综合实验).............................................146
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................146
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................146
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................146
1.
认识
ModelBuilder
操作界面
................................................................................................146
2.
确定目标，加载数据
...........................................................................................................147
3.
创建模型
..............................................................................................................................147
4.
编辑模型
..............................................................................................................................150
5.
执行模型，查看结果
...........................................................................................................164
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................165
GIS 软件应用-ArcGIS
GSNIAC: http://www.geo-spatial.net/ kecheng.yang@gmail.com
iv
实验九、水文分析-DEM 应用 .........................................................................................................169
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................169
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................169
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................172
1.
数据基础：无洼地的
DEM..................................................................................................172
2.
关键步骤：流向分析
...........................................................................................................173
3.
计算流水累积量
...................................................................................................................174
4.
提取河流网络
.......................................................................................................................175
5
．流域分析
.............................................................................................................................178
6.
其它应用
--
降水分析
(
选做
)...................................................................................................180
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................181
实验十、网络分析（道路网络分析） .............................................................................................182
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................182
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................182
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................182
(
一
)
最佳路径分析
..................................................................................................................182
(
二
)
最近服务设施分析（查找最近的消防队）
.....................................................................190
(
三
)
服务区分析
（计算服务区并生成起始－目的地
OD
成本矩阵）
..................................196
(
四
)
选做内容――创建用于进行道路网络分析的网络数据集
..............................................211
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................212
实验十一、3D 可视分析 .................................................................................................................213
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................213
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................213
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................213
1
．
GIS
数据三维显示
...............................................................................................................213
2.
三维飞行动画制作
...............................................................................................................219
四、实验报告要求........................................................................................................................221
实验十二、ARCMAP 制图－地图版面设计 ...................................................................................222
一、实验目的 ...............................................................................................................................222
二、实验准备 ...............................................................................................................................222
三、实验内容及步骤 ....................................................................................................................222
第
1
步
渲染图层要素－唯一值符号
.......................................................................................222
第
2
步
标注图层要素
..............................................................................................................227
第
3
步
渲染图层要素
—
分类渲染
............................................................................................229
第
4
步
渲染图层要素
—
点密度渲染
........................................................................................233
第
5
步
渲染图层要素
—
图表渲染
............................................................................................235
