后端面试题汇总（Python、Redis、MySQL、PostgreSQL、Kafka、数据结构、算法、编程、网络）

<!-- TOC --> - [Python精选](#Python精选) - [必备知识](必备知识) - [1.Python的函数参数传递](#1python%e7%9a%84%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e5%8f%82%e6%95%b0%e4%bc%a0%e9%80%92) - [2.Python中的元类(metaclass)](#2python%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e5%85%83%e7%b1%bbmetaclass) - [3.@staticmethod和@classmethod](#3@staticmethod和@classmethod) - [4.类变量和实例变量](#4类变量和实例变量) - [5.Python自省](#5python%e8%87%aa%e7%9c%81) - [6.字典推导式](#6字典推导式) - [7.Python中单下划线和双下划线](#7python%e4%b8%ad%e5%8d%95%e4%b8%8b%e5%88%92%e7%ba%bf%e5%92%8c%e5%8f%8c%e4%b8%8b%e5%88%92%e7%ba%bf) - [8.字符串格式化:%和.format](#8%e5%ad%97%e7%ac%a6%e4%b8%b2%e6%a0%bc%e5%bc%8f%e5%8c%96%e5%92%8cformat) - [9.迭代器和生成器](#9%e8%bf%ad%e4%bb%a3%e5%99%a8%e5%92%8c%e7%94%9f%e6%88%90%e5%99%a8) - [10.`*args` 和 `**kwargs`](#10args-%e5%92%8c-kwargs) - [11.面向切面编程AOP和装饰器](#11%e9%9d%a2%e5%90%91%e5%88%87%e9%9d%a2%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8baop%e5%92%8c%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8) - [12.鸭子类型](#12%e9%b8%ad%e5%ad%90%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b) - [13.Python中重载](#13python%e4%b8%ad%e9%87%8d%e8%bd%bd) - [14.新式类和旧式类](#14%e6%96%b0%e5%bc%8f%e7%b1%bb%e5%92%8c%e6%97%a7%e5%bc%8f%e7%b1%bb) - [15.`__new__`和`__init__`的区别](#15new%e5%92%8cinit%e7%9a%84%e5%8c%ba%e5%88%ab) - [16.单例模式](#16%e5%8d%95%e4%be%8b%e6%a8%a1%e5%bc%8f) - [17.Python中的作用域](#17python%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e4%bd%9c%e7%94%a8%e5%9f%9f) - [18.GIL线程全局锁](#18gil%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b%e5%85%a8%e5%b1%80%e9%94%81) - [19.协程](#19%e5%8d%8f%e7%a8%8b) - [20.闭包](#20%e9%97%ad%e5%8c%85) - [21.lambda函数](#21lambda%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0) - [22.Python函数式编程](#22python%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e5%bc%8f%e7%bc%96%e7%a8%8b) - [23.Python里的拷贝](#23python%e9%87%8c%e7%9a%84%e6%8b%b7%e8%b4%9d) - [24.Python垃圾回收机制](#24python%e5%9e%83%e5%9c%be%e5%9b%9e%e6%94%b6%e6%9c%ba%e5%88%b6) - [25.Python的List](#25python%e7%9a%84list) - [26.Python的is](#26python%e7%9a%84is) - [27.read,readline和readlines](#27readreadline%e5%92%8creadlines) - [28.Python2和3的区别](#28python2%e5%92%8c3%e7%9a%84%e5%8c%ba%e5%88%ab) - [29.super init](#29super-init) - [30.range and xrange](#30range-and-xrange) - [Python基础](#python基础) - [文件操作](#文件操作) - [31.Python 处理文件](#31python-%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6) - [32.遍历文件夹](#32%e9%81%8d%e5%8e%86%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e5%a4%b9) - [模块与包](#模块与包) - [33.输入日期，判断这一天是这一年的第几天？](#33%e8%be%93%e5%85%a5%e6%97%a5%e6%9c%9f%e5%88%a4%e6%96%ad%e8%bf%99%e4%b8%80%e5%a4%a9%e6%98%af%e8%bf%99%e4%b8%80%e5%b9%b4%e7%9a%84%e7%ac%ac%e5%87%a0%e5%a4%a9) - [34.打乱一个排好序的list对象](#34%e6%89%93%e4%b9%b1%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e6%8e%92%e5%a5%bd%e5%ba%8f%e7%9a%84list%e5%af%b9%e8%b1%a1) - [数据类型](#数据类型) - [35.将字典按value值进行排序](#35%e5%b0%86%e5%ad%97%e5%85%b8%e6%8c%89value%e5%80%bc%e8%bf%9b%e8%a1%8c%e6%8e%92%e5%ba%8f) - [36.请反转字符串 "aStr"](#36%e8%af%b7%e5%8f%8d%e8%bd%ac%e5%ad%97%e7%ac%a6%e4%b8%b2-%22astr%22) - [37.将字符串 "k:1|k1:2|k2:3|k3:4" 处理成字典 {k:1,k1:2,...}](#37%e5%b0%86%e5%ad%97%e7%ac%a6%e4%b8%b2-%22k1k12k23k34%22-%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86%e6%88%90%e5%ad%97%e5%85%b8-k1k12) - [38.列表切片](#38%e5%88%97%e8%a1%a8%e5%88%87%e7%89%87) - [39.写一个列表生成式，产生一个公差为11的等差数列](#39%e5%86%99%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e5%88%97%e8%a1%a8%e7%94%9f%e6%88%90%e5%bc%8f%e4%ba%a7%e7%94%9f%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e5%85%ac%e5%b7%ae%e4%b8%ba11%e7%9a%84%e7%ad%89%e5%b7%ae%e6%95%b0%e5%88%97) - [40.给定两个列表，找出他们相同的元素和不同的元素](#40%e7%bb%99%e5%ae%9a%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e5%88%97%e8%a1%a8%e6%89%be%e5%87%ba%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e7%9b%b8%e5%90%8c%e7%9a%84%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e5%92%8c%e4%b8%8d%e5%90%8c%e7%9a%84%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0) - [企业面试题](#企业面试题) - [41.python中内置的数据结构有几种](#41python%e4%b8%ad%e5%86%85%e7%bd%ae%e7%9a%84%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%84%e6%9c%89%e5%87%a0%e7%a7%8d) - [42.反转一个整数，例如-123 --> -321](#42%e5%8f%8d%e8%bd%ac%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e6%95%b4%e6%95%b0%e4%be%8b%e5%a6%82-123-----321) - [43.实现遍历目录与子目录，抓取.pyc文件](#43%e5%ae%9e%e7%8e%b0%e9%81%8d%e5%8e%86%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95%e4%b8%8e%e5%ad%90%e7%9b%ae%e5%bd%95%e6%8a%93%e5%8f%96pyc%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6) - [44.Python遍历列表时删除元素的正确做法](#44python%e9%81%8d%e5%8e%86%e5%88%97%e8%a1%a8%e6%97%b6%e5%88%a0%e9%99%a4%e5%85%83%e7%b4%a0%e7%9a%84%e6%ad%a3%e7%a1%ae%e5%81%9a%e6%b3%95) - [45.字符串 `"123"` 转换成 `123`，不使用内置api，例如 `int()`](#45%e5%ad%97%e7%ac%a6%e4%b8%b2-%22123%22-%e8%bd%ac%e6%8d%a2%e6%88%90-123%e4%b8%8d%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e5%86%85%e7%bd%aeapi%e4%be%8b%e5%a6%82-int) - [46.统计一个文本中单词频次最高的10个单词](#46%e7%bb%9f%e8%ae%a1%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e6%96%87%e6%9c%ac%e4%b8%ad%e5%8d%95%e8%af%8d%e9%a2%91%e6%ac%a1%e6%9c%80%e9%ab%98%e7%9a%8410%e4%b8%aa%e5%8d%95%e8%af%8d) - [47.阅读一下代码他们的输出结果是什么？](#47%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%8b%e4%bb%a3%e7%a0%81%e4%bb%96%e4%bb%ac%e7%9a%84%e8%be%93%e5%87%ba%e7%bb%93%e6%9e%9c%e6%98%af%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88) - [Python高级](#python高级) - [元类](#元类) - [48.介绍Cython，Pypy Cpython Numba各有什么缺点](#48%e4%bb%8b%e7%bb%8dcythonpypy-cpython-numba%e5%90%84%e6%9c%89%e4%bb%80%e4%b9%88%e7%bc%ba%e7%82%b9) - [49.请描述抽象类和接口类的区别和联系](#49%e8%af%b7%e6%8f%8f%e8%bf%b0%e6%8a%bd%e8%b1%a1%e7%b1%bb%e5%92%8c%e6%8e%a5%e5%8f%a3%e7%b1%bb%e7%9a%84%e5%8c%ba%e5%88%ab%e5%92%8c%e8%81%94%e7%b3%bb) - [50.Python中如何动态获取和设置对象的属性](#50python%e4%b8%ad%e5%a6%82%e4%bd%95%e5%8a%a8%e6%80%81%e8%8e%b7%e5%8f%96%e5%92%8c%e8%ae%be%e7%bd%ae%e5%af%b9%e8%b1%a1%e7%9a%84%e5%b1%9e%e6%80%a7) - [内存管理与垃圾回收机制](#内存管理与垃圾回收机制) - [51.哪些操作会导致Python内存溢出，怎么处理](#51%e5%93%aa%e4%ba%9b%e6%93%8d%e4%bd%9c%e4%bc%9a%e5%af%bc%e8%87%b4python%e5%86%85%e5%ad%98%e6%ba%a2%e5%87%ba%e6%80%8e%e4%b9%88%e5%a4%84%e7%90%86) - [52.内存泄露是什么？如何避免？](#52内存泄露是什么如何避免) - [函数](#函数) - [53.手写一个判断时间的装饰器](#53%e6%89%8b%e5%86%99%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e5%88%a4%e6%96%ad%e6%97%b6%e9%97%b4%e7%9a%84%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8) - [54.带参数的装饰器](#54%e5%b8%a6%e5%8f%82%e6%95%b0%e7%9a%84%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8) - [55.线程安全的装饰器](#55%e7%ba%bf%e7%a8%8b%e5%ae%89%e5%85%a8%e7%9a%84%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8) - [56.交换两个变量的值](#56%e4%ba%a4%e6%8d%a2%e4%b8%a4%e4%b8%aa%e5%8f%98%e9%87%8f%e7%9a%84%e5%80%bc) - [57.hasattr() getattr() setattr() 函数使用详解](#57hasattr-getattr-setattr-%e5%87%bd%e6%95%b0%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e8%af%a6%e8%a7%a3) - [设计模式](#设计模式) - [58.对装饰器的理解，并写出一个计时器记录方法执行性能的装饰器](#58%e5%af%b9%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8%e7%9a%84%e7%90%86%e8%a7%a3%e5%b9%b6%e5%86%99%e5%87%ba%e4%b8%80%e4%b8%aa%e8%ae%a1%e6%97%b6%e5%99%a8%e8%ae%b0%e5%bd%95%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95%e6%89%a7%e8%a1%8c%e6%80%a7%e8%83%bd%e7%9a%84%e8%a3%85%e9%a5%b0%e5%99%a8) - [59.Python中yield的用法](#59python中yield的用法) - [面向对象](#面向对象) - [60.Python的魔法方法](#60python%e7%9a%84%e9%ad%94%e6%b3%95%e6%96%b9%e6%b3%95) - [61.�