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Journal of Service Science and Management, 2020, 13, 61-87

https://www.scirp.org/journal/jssm

ISSN Online: 1940-9907

ISSN Print: 1940-9893

DOI:

10.4236/jssm.2020.131005 Jan. 22, 2020 61 Journal of Service Science

and Management

Construction Model Generation Based on DEMO:

Case Study of Telecommunication Industry in

Indonesia

Novandra Rhezza Pratama , Junichi Iijima

Department of Industrial Engineering and Economics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract

Enterprise engineering is a discipline aspect of an enterprise, including de-

signing and modeling a system. To create a new system, we can perform ma-

nipulation of existing systems. A construction system can be decomposed in-

to several subsystems, and those subsystems can be merged into another con-

struction system. Construction of an enterprise can be represented by DEMO

(Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations), specifically DEMO

Construction Model. This research attempts to demonstrate the process of

construction model generation using DEMO, and also develops the criteria

for submodels and merged models. This article applies a case study of tele-

communication industry in Indonesia. By using this framework, one can

gather several enterprise models and model the

m as construction models,

generate submodels and create a pool of submodels, merge them to generate a

new construction model.

Keywords

Construction Model, Generation, Manipulation, DEMO, Telecommunication

Industry

1. Introduction

The competitive nature of business in this modern society leads to the necessity

of business innovation to create a new business. To create a new, successful

business, a deep and complete understanding of ontological aspect of enterprise

as a system is necessary, aided by Enterprise Engineering. Enterprise Engineer-

ing (EE) is a discipline aspect of an enterprise, including designing and modeling

a system [1]. Three major disciplines of EE are Enterprise Architecture, Enter-

How to cite this paper:

Pratama, N.R. and

Iijima

, J. (2020) Construction Model Gen-

eration Based on DEMO: Case Study of

Telecommunication Industry in Indonesia.

Journal of

Service Science and Manag

ment

, 61-87.

https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2020.131005

Received:

December 19, 2019

Accepted:

January 19, 2020

Published:

January 22, 2020

20 by author(s) and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

N. R. Pratama, J. Iijima

DOI:

10.4236/jssm.2020.131005 62 Journal of Service Science

and Management

prise Governance and Enterprise Ontology (EO). Of these, EO oﬀers a set of no-

tions, concepts, and a methodology on a Way of Thinking (WoT), a Way of

Modeling (WoM), and a Way of Working (WoW) for understanding the con-

struction of enterprises.

In order to conduct (re)design of an enterprise, an enterprise model is used to

perform the (re)design prior to the implementation. To create a new system, we

can perform manipulation of the construction of existing systems. Construction

system of an enterprise can be represented by DEMO (Design & Engineering

Methodology for Organizations) [2], and, to date, the only methodology availa-

ble in EO. In particular, DEMO Construction Model as one of the aspect models

of DEMO can be decomposed into several subsystems, and those subsystems can

be merged into another construction system [3]. The manipulation, merging and

decomposing DEMO Construction Model can be explained in algebraic notation

[4], therefore it is possible to create a pool of submodels of construction models,

and then merging them to create a new construction model.

Figure 1 illustrated

the proposition.

To create a new construction model, we can modify the existing one by a

process of (de)composition of a model, called manipulation, in line with enter-

prise engineering concept. A manipulation is performed using a formal set of

rules. DEMO Construction Model can be manipulated, merged, or decomposed

by using algebraic notation based on prior research ([3], further explained in

[4]), making it possible to analyze and synthesize, or simply manipulate, con-

struction models. They defined a model, a submodel as a part of the model, and

the three basic operations (merge, complement, and digest). Given a global model,

one can construct the family of all the submodels and the three basic operations.

They also showed that those operations are closed on the domain, and that some

Figure 1. Illustration of model manipulation.

Initial Construction

Models

Pool of Submodels

New Construction

Models

Split

Merge

N. R. Pratama, J. Iijima

DOI:

10.4236/jssm.2020.131005 63 Journal of Service Science

and Management

are commutative and associative. The advantage of this method is removing the

necessity of model checking. A tool support for DEMO Construction Model was

also developed [5], to provide functions to execute DEMO Construction Model

manipulation without manual calculation.

Although the framework of DEMO Construction Model manipulation and

tool support has been established, the practical application of this approach has

not been intensively discussed. The ultimate objective of this research field is to

minimize the aspect of craftsmanship in enterprise design, and bring enterprise

engineering closer to design and/or engineering work for realizing agile enter-

prises [4]. However, the prior research lacks explanation of the criteria of sub-

model, related to the proposition of creating a pool of submodels and then

merging them to create a new model. This leads to the following problems:

• The practicality of this approach is not verified.

• There is no clear definition or criteria of the submodel split from the existing

model.

• The criteria for the applicable merged models also not yet established.

Hence, to address those problems, this study aims to demonstrate the process

of construction model generation using DEMO Construction Model, and also

develops the criteria for submodels and merged models. This article applies a

case study of telecommunication industry in Indonesia, because there can be

many construction models that can be captured in this industry. In Indonesia,

business of telecommunication industry has developed rapidly [6]. Telecommu-

nication companies in Indonesia have provided the best services, improving op-

erational systems to improve their business performance [7]. [8] mentioned that

the number of Internet users in Indonesia in 2016 reached 132.7 million peoples

(about 51.8%), increased from 88.1 million in 2014.

This work will serve as a method of construction model generation and ma-

nipulation. By using this framework, one can gather several enterprise models

and model them as construction models, generate submodels and create a pool

of submodels, merge them to generate a new construction model in a certain

industry.

This article aims to answer these following research questions to address the

emerged problems:

1) How can we perform Construction Model Generation of Telecommunica-

tion industry?

2) What are the criteria of submodels split from the existing model?

3) What are the criteria for merged models to be applicable?

The remainder of this article is composed as follows. Section 2 will explain the

literature review related to this work. Section 3 will explain the phase of the

framework and proposed phases taken in each phase. The application of this

framework in telecommunication industry will be mentioned in Section 4. Sec-

tion 5 will cover the discussion of the result and the conclusion of this research

will be given in Section 6.

N. R. Pratama, J. Iijima

DOI:

10.4236/jssm.2020.131005 64 Journal of Service Science

and Management

2. Literature Review

2.1. DEMO Construction Model

DEMO can be described as

a meta-model for modeling organizations

[2]. DEMO

Construction Model (CM), one of the aspect models of DEMO, is the most ab-

stract aspect model and governs the rest of the aspect models [2] [4], therefore

this article is focused on DEMO CM. DEMO CM indicates transaction kinds

and actor roles associated with them and also information links between them,

or in a simplified term, the construction of the organization [9]. A Transaction

Kind represents coordination act/fact in a business conversation, and an Actor

Role represents the initiator/executor of such coordination. CM is a part of four

aspect models expressing the ontological knowledge of the target enterprise. The

other aspect models are Process Model (PM), Action Model (AM), and Fact

Model (FM), as depicted in

Figure 2.

In this study, we only focus on the coordination part, or interaction model of

CM of an organization, which contains

Actor Transaction Diagram (ATD)

which is part of Organization Construction Diagram (OCD), and

Transaction

Product Table (TPT). These two composed the interaction structure of an or-

ganization [2].

Figure 3 expresses an example of ATD and TPT of an organiza-

tion, ATD on the upper left part and TPT on the lower left part of the figure, al-

so legends of ATD on the right part. In this figure, we use an example of a sim-

ple retail shop that sells a product. ATD consists of Actor Roles and Transaction

Kinds identified [10].

Actor Role defined as the unit of authority, responsibility,

and competence of the system.

Transaction Kind defined as a sequence of acts

that comprises transaction patterns:

request

promise

declare

, and

. An

Actor Role can be an

initiator and/or executor of a Transaction Kind. Actor

Role can be classified as an

Elementary Actor Role, an Actor Role that is the

executor of one Transaction Kind, or a

Composite Actor Role, composed by

multiple Elementary Actor Roles. In ATD, Actor Roles are shown in a rectangle

and transaction kinds depicted as a circle with diamond. A line connecting both

Figure 2. DEMO aspect model [9].

N. R. Pratama, J. Iijima

DOI:

10.4236/jssm.2020.131005 65 Journal of Service Science

and Management

Figure 3. Example ATD and TPT of an organization. Legends of ATD excerpted from [10].

of them indicates there is a link: line without diamond indicates

initiator link,

and line with diamond indicates

executor link. There can be a Scope of Interest

(SoI) to divides the Actor Roles into environmental and internal Actor Role. A

Transaction Kind lies within the border of SoI is called Border Transaction

Kinds. TPT shows the transaction kinds and the product kind of each transac-

tion kind.

Transaction kinds in DEMO CM may be related to each other. It is possible

that a transaction kind, in practice, is inside the flow of another transaction kind,

or in other words, belongs to a Transaction Tree [2]. Taking an example of

Fig-

ure 3, in practice, Product Payment is part of Product Selling. To complete

Product Selling, Product Payment must be completed. We call such transactions

as Parent-Child Transactions.

DEMO Construction Model has been applied mainly in information system

research, in particular, organizational ontology [11] [12] and business process

[13] [14] [15].

2.2. Manipulation of DEMO Construction Model

DEMO Construction Model, with ATD as its representation, emphasizes clear

coordination models so that it is possible to conduct manipulation of CM. In the

literature, there exist several researches of DEMO application to solve practical

problems, such as project [16], production [17], and even emergency manage-

ment [18]. Among those researches, a series of research [19] [20] provides gen-

eral guidelines of enterprise splitting and allying, using real cases with DEMO

model, and tests the validity of designing enterprises in the real world via DEMO

models.

[4] developed a formal specification of ATD and its submodels and defined

algebraic operation as a means of model manipulation. They formalized the de-

finition of a transaction kind

, an actor role

, a model

,AT

, and a submodel

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