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水和沉积物

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Open Access Library Journal

2018, Volume 5, e4456

ISSN Online: 2333-9721

ISSN Print: 2333-9705

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104456 May 8, 2018 1 Open Access Library Journal

Physical and Chemical Parameters and Some

Heavy Metal for Three Rainy Season Months in

Water and Sediments of Upper New Calabar

River, Niger Delta, Nigeria

Awoteinm Dateme Isaiah George

, Jasper Freeborn Nestor Abowei

Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Rivers State University,

Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Nigeria

Abstract

The study of heavy metals in water and

sediment was carried out in the upper

reach of the New Calabar River, Niger Delta region in Nigeria. Three sa

pling stations were selected which were Choba, Ogbogoro and Aluu.

Water

and sediment samples were collected and analysed, using the buck scientif

Atomic Absorption/Emission spectrometer 200 A model. Water Phys

co-chemical parameters were measured

in situ

. Dissolved Oxygen had an

overall mean of 4.17 ± 0.83 mg/l, temperature had mean value of 28.34˚C

1.07˚C, pH had a mean value of 5.52 ± 0.54,

electrical conductivity had a

mean value of 1123.39 ± 859.58 µs/cm, BOD had mean value of 4.45 ±

1.14

mg/l, salinity had a mean value of 1.47 ± 1.15

ppt while TDS had mean value

of 598.13 ± 529.58 mg/l. Result of heavy metals in water indicated that Zn had

an overall mean value of 1.77 ± 0.53 ppm, Cr had mean value of 0.65 ±

0.21

ppm, Pb had a mean value of 0.19 ±

0.11 while Fe had an overall mean value

of 1.52 ± 0.34

ppm. Heavy metals in sediment indicate higher concentration

than in Water: Zn had an overall mean value of 7.90 ± 2.59

ppm, Cr observed

an overall mean value of 1.94 ± 0.81

ppm, Pb had an overall mean value of

2.23 ± 0.61 ppm, while Fe observed an overall mean value of 87.43 ±

6.57

ppm. The result indicated that the source of heavy metals in the aquatic env

ronment could be industrial effluent, domestic waste, dumping of scrap, vessel

in the water way and runoff from agricultural land.

Subject Areas

Aquaculture, Fisheries & Fish Science

How to cite this paper:

George, A.D.I

. and

Abowei

, J.F.N. (2018) Physical and

Chemical

Parameters and Some Heavy Metal for

Three Rainy Season Months in Water and

Sediments of Upper New Calabar River,

Niger Delta, Nigeria

Open

Access Library

Journal

: e4456.

https:

//doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1104456

Received:

February 28, 2018

Accepted:

May 5, 2018

Published:

May 8, 2018

8 by authors and Open

Access Library

Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

A. D. I. George, J. F. N. Abowei

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104456 2 Open Access Library Journal

Keywords

Physico-Chemical Parameters, Heavy Metal, Rainy-Season, Water and

Sediments, Upper New Calabar River

1. Introduction

Heavy metal can be described as a metallic element, which has a relatively high

density as compared to water and is noted for toxicity [1]. Anthropogenic activi-

ties like mining activities, disposal of treated and untreated waste effluents con-

taining heavy metals from different industries e.g. tannery, steel, plants, thermal

power plants and uncontrolled use of heavy metal containing fertilizer and pes-

ticide which enters the aquatic ecosystem through runoff, cause threat to the en-

vironment and bio-organism [2]. Heavy metals are found naturally in the earth

and become concentrated in the aquatic environment as a result of human

caused activities.

Lead is the most prevalent heavy metal contaminant [3]. In water, lead levels

in the aquatic environments of industrialized societies have been estimated to be

two to three times higher than those of pre-industrial level [4]. Heavy metals

pollution of the aquatic environment has long been recognized as a serious en-

vironmental concern. In the sea, pollutants, are potentially accumulated in ma-

rine organisms and sediments, and subsequently transferred to man through the

food chain [5]. For this reason, determination of the chemical quality of waters,

sediments and aquatic organisms, particularly the contents of trace metals is ex-

tremely crucial for human health status [6]. Heavy metal pollutants are of great

concern because they are produced in large amounts and discharged into the en-

vironments. They are toxic to aquatic organisms and bio-concentrate within the

organisms sometimes to the levels greater than that in the environment [7].

Chindah and Nawaguibe [8], reported that heavy metals occur naturally in the

aquatic ecosystem and also as a result of waste discharges from industries and

agricultural runoff, increased urbanization and as a result of increase in human

population. Furthermore, he reported that heavy metals are biologically un-

der-gradable when appeared in higher concentration but easily bio-accumulated

in the tissue of aquatic organisms.

The sediment is a mixture of several components of mineral, species as well as

organic debris, represented as ultimate sink for heavy metal discharge into the

aquatic environment [9]. Yi

et al.

, [10] observed that when heavy metals are dis-

charge into the aquatic environment they can be absorbed by suspended solid

and they strongly accumulate in the sediment. Moreover the sediment acts as a

sink and also as a source of heavy metal [11]. According to Odiete [12] metals

and other fluvial contaminant in suspension or solution do simply flow down

the stream was they form complexes with other compounds, settling in the bot-

tom and absorbed in the sediment.

A. D. I. George, J. F. N. Abowei

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104456 3 Open Access Library Journal

Sediments are commonly used as indicators for the degree of pollution in the

aquatic environment [13]. According to Davies

et al.

; [14], heavy metal concen-

trates more in sediment than in water. According to Issa

et al

., [15], sediment is

an integral part of the aquatic environment providing habitat feeding, spanning

and accumulation of heavy metal in the water columns. Contaminated sediment

can cause lethal and sub-lethal effect in benthic and their sediment associated

organism [16]. Sediments are integral part of the aquatic environments provid-

ing habitat, feeding and rearing areas for shell fish, fish and other fauna [12]. It

serves both as a reservoir as well as source of contaminants to the water column.

Usually, the quantity of contaminants found accumulates in sediment to ele-

vated levels.

Water is the most often polluted phase in the environment, which is attri-

buted to the ultimate ending of contaminant in air, soil and land into the aquatic

environment through local precipitation, water surface runoff and leaching of

rock and solid waste [17]. According to Degregori

et al.

, [18], Man’s activities

such as mining, industrial processing of ores and metals, still remain the prin-

cipal cause of the increasing amount of heavy metal in water; which are been

dump in the Aquatic environment. One of the most challenging pollution issues

is the accumulation of heavy metal in water owing to toxicity, abundance, per-

sistence and subsequent bioaccumulation of heavy metal [19]. Omitoyin and

Ajani [20] investigate the accumulation levels of the metals (copper, lead and

zinc) in water samples in addition with studying the feeding habits of fish species

in water, while Ayeloja

et al.,

[21] studied Copper, Lead Cadmium, Zinc, Chro-

mium and Manganese concentration in water. The discharge of heavy metal en-

vironment as pointed out by Abowei and Sikoki [22] that heavy metal could

damage the ecosystem quality rendering water unsuitable to the intending use.

Heavy metal was of critical concern due to their ability to bio-accumulate in

aquatic environment and their toxicity [23] as well as persistency in the natural

environment. Recently different types of biomarkers have been studied and eva-

luated for their acceptability to detect the biological effects as a biomonitoring

tool [24]. According to Dirican

et al

. [25], heavy metals are the most important

forms of aquatic pollutants and may accumulate in the tissues of fish, which are

often at the top of the Aquatic food chain. The progressive and irreversible ac-

cumulation of metal in various organs of aquatic organism always leads to men-

tal related diseases in the long run because of the toxicity of the metals. Among

the aquatic organism, fishes are the important member which often accumulates

metals in different parts of their body. The consequences of heavy metal pollu-

tants in aquatic environment lie in two aspects with respect to their impact.

Firstly, heavy metal has the potency to persist in natural aquatic ecosystems of

an extended period. Secondly they have the ability to accumulate in successive

levels of the biological chain. Thereby causing lethal and sub-lethal diseases [26].

There toxicity has been demonstrated long ago [27]. Exposure to heavy metals

have been linked to developmental retardation [28]. Heavy metal toxicity in-

A. D. I. George, J. F. N. Abowei

DOI:

10.4236/oalib.1104456 4 Open Access Library Journal

clude the binding of heavy metal more strongly to functional site that are nor-

mally occupied by essential functional groups of biologically important mole-

cules, making them inactive, decomposing essential metabolites and changing

the osmotic balance around the cell [29]. The degeneration and malformation of

the cell reflect one aspect of the cytotoxic input after exposure to pollution and

serve as an index of cytotoxicity [30]. Biomonitoring is a promising tool for

identifying pollutants (bio-indicators) that affect human and environmental

health, is especially useful with organisms, which are exposed to biological sys-

tem [31]. According to FAO/WHO [32] water is one of the most valuable natu-

ral resources and it is essential for the maintenance of all forms of life. Water

temperature is one of the most important characteristics of an aquatic ecosys-

tem.

O’connor [33] observed that temperature controls the rate of fundamental bi-

ochemical process in organism and consequently changes in the environmental

temperature which influences population species. Temperature is measured in

Celsius (˚C). Goldman and Horne [34] describe biochemical oxygen demand as

the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic compounds

in water. Fish and other aquatic organism may die when oxygen is depleted by

microbial metabolism [35]. Lau

et al.

; [36] describe conductivity as the measure

of the ability to conduct electric current and is the reciprocal of resistance. It was

also observed by Lau

et al.

; [36] that the conductivity ion comes from dissolved

salts and inorganic materials such as alkalis, chlorides, sulfides and carbonate

compound. Conductivity is measured in micro semem per centimeter (µs/cm).

According to WHO [37]. Dissolved oxygen can affect the solubility and avail-

ability of nutrients, which can be released from sediments under conditions of

low dissolved oxygen. Turbidity in open water may be cause by growth of phy-

toplankton and other human activities which can lead to high sediment level en-

tering the aquatic ecosystem. Turbidity is described as the amount of clouding in

water. Turbidity in the aquatic environment is mainly caused by Silt, sand and

mud; Bacteria and other germs; Chemical and precipitates. Turbidity is meas-

ured in Nephelometric turbidity unit NTU [16].

Salinity is a measure of the concentration of the total dissolved salt present in

water. Salinity is measured in part per thousand [38]. Power of Hydrogen (pH)

refers to the measure of hydrogen ions (H

+−

) in water which determine its acidic,

alkaline or neutral character. Any particular water is a mixture of acids and bases

and is the result of acid-base titration processes [39]. Seasonal variation in pH

with higher values in the wet than dry season has been recorded [39]. Situation

of non-seasonality in pH also has been recorded in some tropical rivers by

Chindah and Braide [40] in the New Calabar River; Nkanta [41] in the Bonny

River. Boyd and Lichtkoppler [42] reported that pH of water body rises during

the day and decreases at night due to the removal of carbon (iv) oxide by aquatic

plant between 6.5 and 8; while in natural water pH value ranges from between 4

to 9.

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