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Open Journal of Psychiatry, 2018, 8, 35-49

http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpsych

ISSN Online: 2161-7333

ISSN Print: 2161-7325

DOI:

10.4236/ojpsych.2018.81003 Dec. 20, 2017 35 Open Journal of Psychiatry

Evaluation of Expression Recognition Function

in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Kaoru Furukawa

, Kenji Mori

, Keiko Mori

, Saori Nakano

, Kumi Takahashi

Hiroko Hashimoto

, Tetsuya Tanioka

Graduate School of Health Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan

Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan

Abstract

One of the characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is social di

order. The specificity of facial and expression recognition for people with

ASD

is gathering attention as a factor of this social disorder. The study examined

the

hemodynamic activities in the prefrontal cortex using near-infrared spectros

copy

(NIRS) when a person with ASD performed an expression recognition task

. The

subjects were twenty males (18 - 22 years old) with ASD and without intelle

tual disabilities. Forty-five healthy males matched for age and sex were incl

uded

as a control group. In both groups, the degree of autistic tendencies was ev

luated using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ). Using eight standard em

tional expressions of Japanese people, two expression recognition tasks were

set. An NIRS was used to

measure the prefrontal cortex blood mobilization

during the expression-

processing process. The AQ was significantly higher in

the ASD group, while the rate of overall correct expression response was signi

icantly lower (p < 0.001). A negative correlation was found when the relatio

ship between the AQ and the rate of overall correct expression response was

evaluated by combining the results of the control group with those of the ASD

group (

= −0.40 p < 0.001). In the automatic expression-processing task, no a

tivation in the prefrontal cortex was found in either the ASD or the control

group.

In the conscious expression-

processing task, the activation of the left and right

lateral prefrontal cortex was weaker in the ASD group compared to the co

trol group. Unlike in the control group, a mild activation of posterior prefro

tal cortex was found in the ASD group. The expression-

processing process of

the ASD group was found to be different

from that of the control group. NIRS

was effective in detecting a brain function disorder in people

with ASD during

an expression-processing process.

How to cite this paper:

Furukawa, K.,

Mori, K

., Mori, K., Nakano, S., Takahashi,

., Hashimoto, H. and Tanioka, T. (2018

)

Evaluation of Expression Recognition

Func-

tion in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using

Near

-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Open Journal

of Psychiatry

, 35-49.

https:

//doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2018.81003

Received:

November 27, 2017

Accepted:

December 17, 2017

Published:

December 20, 2017

8 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

K. Furukawa et al.

DOI:

10.4236/ojpsych.2018.81003 36 Open Journal of Psychiatry

Keywords

Autism Spectrum Disorder, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, Autism-Spectrum

Quotient, Facial Expression Recognition, Prefrontal Cortex

1. Introduction

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that manifests in

infancy. It is characterized by impaired interpersonal communication and reciprocal

social interaction, in addition to limited and repetitive patterns of behaviors, in-

terests, and activities [1].

Although people with ASD exhibit a diverse pattern of behavior, the specifici-

ty in facial and expression recognition is a particularly important research theme.

With ASD, the ability to infer others’ intentions and emotions from their expres-

sions is impaired [2], and people with ASD often show a prominent deficit in

their interpersonal behaviors. Being able to recognize the faces and facial expres-

sions of others is greatly involved in social development [3], and the specificity

in the recognition of expressions is believed to be a possible foothold for devel-

oping a treatment.

There have been reports that people with ASD look at the mouths and noses of

others, rather than the eyes, which provide a stronger indication of physical ex-

pression [4] [5] [6]. The difficulties of expression recognition in people with ASD

may be caused by atypical expression-processing. It was reported that when expres-

sion recognition was examined using five types of expression stimuli (happiness,

sadness, anger, surprise, and neutral); people with ASD had a lower number of cor-

rect responses than those without ASD [5].

In terms of brain regions involved in expression recognition, research using func-

tional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and Positron Emission Tomography

(PET) revealed that the fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, amygdala, and

inferior frontal gyrus are involved in this process [7] [8] [9] [10]. It has been found

that the activation reaction in these brain regions is lower in people with ASD than

in those without [11] [12] [13] [14]. Using fMRI, Schultz

et al

. [14] examined brain

activity when people perceived faces and objects. Their results showed that in the

face identification task, activation reaction of the fusiform gyrus facial area, which

plays an important role in facial perception processing, was found to be lower in

the ASD group than in the control group. Meanwhile, the activation reaction of the

inferior temporal gyrus was found in the ASD group. Conversely, activation reac-

tion of inferior temporal gyrus was found in the control group when perceiving

objects.

Dapretto

et al

. measured brain activity when subjects are observing or imitat-

ing facial expressions and found that children with ASD had lower pars opercu-

laris activity than typically developing children [11]. The pars opercularis is an

important component of the Mirror Neuron System (MNS). Dapretto

et al

. pro-

K. Furukawa et al.

DOI:

10.4236/ojpsych.2018.81003 37 Open Journal of Psychiatry

posed a mirror neuron disorder theory to be part of ASD pathology [11].

A Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) is a method of capturing change in ce-

rebral blood flow associated with neural activities using near-infrared rays [15].

The fMRI and PET have excellent spatial resolution and are extremely effective

in identifying sections exhibiting brain dysfunction. However, there are many

difficulties in using fMRI and PET for people with ASD, as well as infants, because

of their loud noise, physical restriction, and resulting exposure to radiation. By

contrast, a NIRS is small in size and can be carried around [16]. After simply at-

taching a probe to the head, it can evaluate brain function easily and non-invasively.

Furthermore, NIRS is not restrictive and has the advantage of allowing a real-time

measurement when asking the subject to perform a task [17] [18].

In recent years, there have been attempts to use NIRS to evaluate the prefron-

tal cortex functions of people with ASD. It has been reported that people with

ASD show a decrease in activity in the prefrontal cortex while they are perform-

ing verbal fluency and executive function tasks [19] [20]. Kita

et al

. reported on

the functional deficiency in the right inferior frontal gyrus, which is involved in

recognizing one’s own face, in children with ASD [21]. Mori

et al

. [21] examined

the activities in the frontal cortex, which is involved in imitation of expressions,

of children with ASD and children with typical development. The activation of the

inferior frontal gyrus on both sides was found to be significantly lower in child-

ren with ASD than in typically developing children [21].

On the other hand, Hosokawa

et al

. examined the relationship between autis-

tic tendencies and the frontal cortex blood mobilization in expression recognition

tasks in healthy people [22]. Results showed that when a healthy person exhibited

thoughts and behavioral patterns characteristic of ASD, it was difficult for them to

recognize expressions, and they had decreased prefrontal cortex activity. However,

studies that have used NIRS to evaluate the expression recognition function using

people with ASD as subjects are still few in number [23] [24].

Using the expressions of fear and happiness, Kamio

et al

. reported that the au-

tomatic processing of emotional faces had been impaired within an ASD group [25].

Nakamura

et al

. reported that in their PET study, the right hemisphere of the

lateral inferior frontal gyrus was activated in healthy subjects during a conscious ex-

pression evaluation task [10]. Using the results of these reports, the present study

uses two expression-processing tasks: one automatic and one conscious. We used

NIRS to examine the blood mobilization in the frontal cortex of people with ASD

when they were performing expression recognition tasks.

The objective of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of NIRS in identifying

the functional abnormality of the frontal cortex during the expression-processing

process of people with ASD.

2. Methods

2.1. Subjects

The subjects were twenty males aged between 18 and 22 years who had been di-

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