论文研究-纳米ZrO增强铝合金（LM-13）的制备与腐蚀行为资源-CSDN文库

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Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 2018, 6, 136-150

http://www.scirp.org/journal/msce

ISSN Online: 2327-6053

ISSN Print: 2327-6045

DOI:

10.4236/msce.2018.67015 Jul. 18, 2018 136 Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering

Fabrication and Corrosion Behaviour of

Aluminium Alloy (LM-13) Reinforced with

Nano-ZrO

Particulate Chilled Nano Metal

Matrix Composites (CNMMCs)

for Aerospace Applications

Joel Hemanth

, M. R. Divya

Department of Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore, India

Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Karnataka, India

Abstract

This research presents the results obtained and the discussions made from

series of corrosion experiments involving

aluminum alloy (LM 13) reinforced

with Nano-ZrO

, size of the particles dispersed varies from 100 -

200 nm and

amount of addition varies from 3 wt% to 15 wt% in steps of 3 wt%. The r

sulting CNMMCs are solidified under the influence of copper chill of

25 mm

thickness to study the effect of corrosion behavior. The corrosion test e

ployed was the electrochemical polarization method according to

ASTM

G59-97 (2009) standards. Corrosion resistance was found to increase signif

cantly with increase inZrO

content in chilled CNMMCs. Nevertheless,

even

with high ZrO

content corrosion attack

i.e.

, pitting was found to be most s

vere during the initial stages of each test but it invariably decreased

to a very

low value in the later

stages, due to the formation of an adherent protective

layer on the CNMMCs developed.

SEM studies of the corroded surface were

also examined to study the mechanism of corrosion. Present research is u

dertaken to develop a corrosion resis

tant composite for aerospace application

where aluminum is highly suspected to corrosion.

Keywords

Aluminum, Nano, Corrosion, Chill, Composite, Solidification, Microstructure

1. Introduction

As aerospace technology continues to advance, there is a rapidly increasing de-

How to cite this paper:

Hemanth, J. and

Divya

, M.R. (2018) Fabrication and Corro-

sion Behaviour of Aluminium Alloy

(LM

-13) Reinforced with Nano-ZrO

Par-

ticulate Chilled Nano Metal Matri

x Com-

posites (CNMMCs)

for Aerospace Applica-

tions

Journal of

Materials Science and

Chemical Engineering

, 136-150.

https://doi.org/10.4236/msce.2018.67015

Received:

June 1, 2018

Accepted:

July 15, 2018

Published:

July 18, 2018

8 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed

under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

J. Hemanth, M. R. Divya

DOI:

10.4236/msce.2018.67015 137 Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering

mand for advanced materials with enhanced mechanical properties and envi-

ronmental capabilities for such ultrahigh applications [1]. Its application also

stretched to automobile, electronic, computer and shipping industries to replace

the existing materials [2]. The early 1990s are considered to be the renaissance

for Al as structural material due to environmental concerns, increasing safety

and comfort levels. A significant improvement in the properties of Al alloys, re-

duced fuel consumption because of its light weight and hence it has created a

huge demand from the aerospace industry [3] [4]. A recent industrial review re-

vealed that there are hundreds of components from structural to engine in which

aluminum alloy is being developed for a variety of applications [5]. This growing

requirements of materials with high specific mechanical properties with weight

savings have fueled significant research activities in recent times targeted pri-

marily for further development of Al based composites that are corrosion resis-

tant [6] [7] [8]. It is noticed that the limited mechanical properties (strength and

hardness) of Al and its alloys adversely affect its applications in automobile and

corrosion in aerospace and marine applications [9] [10]. This remains one of the

major concerns in its fabrication of ceramic based nano composites to suit its

application in recent days.

It is well known that an alloy can corrode due to the presence of localized gal-

vanic cells [11]. Eckel [12] has shown that oxygen is also necessary for such cor-

rosion and this is sustained by Logan

et al

. [13]. Swann and Pickering [14] fur-

ther reported that deep pits are formed in such corrosion. The corrosion beha-

vior of each group of aluminum alloy is very different from that of others

groups. It was shown that improvement in corrosion resistance of aluminum

composites can be achieved only by addition of alloying elements and not mere-

ly by heat treatment [15]. For instance, aluminum alloy which contains Fe, Mo,

Ni and Mg undergoes a special form of corrosion which is highly dependent on

their content. Molybdenum was found to contribute substantially towards im-

proving the corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys [16]. Shalaby

et al

. [17],

concluded from their investigations that high-silicon content aluminum alloy

composites were susceptible to localized corrosion, which occurred at Si needles

embedded in the aluminum alloy. Sung and Was [18] showed that neither grain

boundary chromium depletion nor inter-granular boundaries promoted in-

ter-granular cracking by corrosion. At the same time low level addition of Nd

(Neodymium) to Al-5%Mg in the acid media test revealed that addition of Nd

were effective in decreasing the amount of subsequent inter-granular corrosion

attack [19]. Nevertheless, experiments on corrosion of aluminum alloy compo-

sites containing Ni, Mo and Ti as alloying elements tested in chloride solution

indicate that corrosion rate was decreased with increasing the alloy content [20]

[21] [22].

It is well known that Al alloys that freeze over a wide range of temperature are

difficult to feed during solidification [23]. The dispersed porosity caused by the

pasty mode of solidification can be effectively reduced by the use of chills [24]

[25] [26]. Chills extract heat at a faster rate and promote directional solidifica-

J. Hemanth, M. R. Divya

DOI:

10.4236/msce.2018.67015 138 Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering

tion. Therefore chills are widely used by foundry engineers for the production of

sound and quality castings. There have been several investigations [27] [28] [29]

[30] on the influence of chills on the solidification and soundness of alloys. With

the increase in the demand for quality composites, it has become essential to

produce Al composites free from unsoundness. Hence in the present investiga-

tion copper end chill was employed to achieve the above since volumetric heat

capacity (VHC) of the chill material has an effect on the properties of the com-

posite developed. Joel Hemanth

et al

. [31] working with subzero chilled cast iron

has pointed out that corrosion behavior is significantly affected by the heat ca-

pacity of the chill as well as the duration of corrosion testing.

Search of open literature indicates that, so far a number of Al based MMCs

including chilled MMCs [32] [33] [34] [35] are being developed but no work has

been done in this field. Hence the present research is undertaken to fill the void

and to investigate the integrated properties of Al-alloy/ZrO

CNMMCs. Alaneme

et al

., showed from his research that, hybrid composite containing ceramic rein-

forcement

i.e.

, SiC offered higher corrosion resistance when reinforced in alu-

minum matrix [36]. Among all the reinforcements used in Al based composites,

only ceramic based nano size particulates (ZrO

) as reinforcement has shown

their potential superiority in improving soundness of the casting, microstructure

with noticeable weight savings along with corrosion resistance [37].

2. Experimental Procedure

In this research nano-ZrO

particles dispersed in Al alloy (LM 13, properties are

shown in

Table 1), fabricated by stir casting technique, solidified under the in-

fluence of copper chill of 25 mm thick (arrangement shown in

Figure 1). The

size of the nano-ZrO

particles dispersed varies from 100 to 200 nm and the

amount addition varies from 3 wt% to 15 wt% in steps of 3 wt%. Synthesis of the

composite involved heating of Al alloy in a graphite crucible up to 740˚C using

resistance furnace to which the preheated (to 450˚C) reinforcement was added

carefully using a graphite spoon and stirred well by an impeller which rotates at

450 rpm to create vortex to get uniform distribution of the reinforcement. This

treated Al alloy containing nanoZrO

particles were made to solidify under the

influence of copper chill set in AFS standard dry sand mold. Finally the samples

were heat treated (aging at 500˚C) to relieve all the internal stresses.

Properties of the reinforcement (Nano-ZrO

) are as follows:

Melting point: 1860˚C, UTS: 425 MPa, VHN: 150, Young’s Modulus: 98 GPa,

Size: 100 - 200 nm, Density: 2.54 gm/cc

(Nano ZrO

was procured from Nano structured and Amorphous Materials,

Inc, USA)

Table 1. Chemical composition of the matrix alloy (LM 13).

Elements Zn Mg Si Ni Fe Mn Al

% by wt. 0.5 1.0 12 2.0 0.5 1.0 Bal

剩余14页未读，继续阅读

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