iv
Preface to the Second Edition
Chapter 8 New sections on
• Compilation model of a C program
• Philosophy of main() function
• The concept of Type qualiers
• How integers are stored in memory
Chapter 10 New sections on different forms of loop and
moving out from a nested loop
Chapter 12 News sections on
• Scope, storage class and linkages
• Inline function
• Different sorting and searching methods along with the
analysis of time and space complexity
Chapter 13 New sections on
• Pointer and const Qualier
• Constant parameter
• Returning pointer from a function
cOvErAgE
Chapter-wise details of content coverage are as follows:
Chapter 1 traces the history of development of computers.
The chapter also identies the different generations and
the various categories of computers. It briey describes the
basic hardware units and software modules in a computer,
with particular reference to the personal computer. A brief
description on the start-up process of a personal computer is
also included.
Chapter 2 presents the concept of number systems. The rules
and methods applied in number system conversions are
explained and demonstrated with appropriate examples. It
then deals with arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division of binary numbers with examples.
It also describes the various binary codes used in computers.
Chapter 3 introduces Boolean algebra. It denes Boolean
variables and the various laws and theorems of Boolean
algebra. The formation of Boolean expressions, Boolean
functions, and truth tables along with the methods of
simplifying Boolean expressions are also demonstrated. It
presents the different forms in which Boolean expressions
can be expressed and represented.
Finally,
the chapter discusses logic gates and explains
how these are realized using electronic devices. It also
demonstrates how Boolean expressions can be realized using
logic gates.
Chapter 4 identies the different types of software and the
various categories of programming languages available.
The roles played by the compiler, linker, and loader in the
development of programs are highlighted.
Chapter 5 explains the concept of programs and programming.
The chapter also denes and explains the key features of
algorithms. The signicance of an algorithm in developing a
program for solving a problem has also been explained. The
chapter then discusses some convenient tools and techniques
for building and representing algorithms. It also discusses the
strategy of problem solving.
Chapter 6 begins with the history of evolution of the Internet
and the world wide web. It briey discusses the nature of
information transported and the protocols used within the
Internet. It introduces the concept of web page, web browser,
web server, IP address, and search engines. The chapter
concludes by describing the different types of Internet
connections followed by the various applications of the
Internet.
Chapter 7 introduces operating systems. It briey traces the
history of development of operating systems. It explains the
functions of an operating system and identies the component
of operating systems in general. The chapter discusses the
different types of operating systems that exist. Some popular
operating systems such as UNIX and MSDOS have been
discussed.
Chapter 8 introduces the basic components of C. The
keywords and standard data types available in C and the
type conversion rules have been discussed. The use of
basic operators in C and expressions involving variables
and operators has been explained. The basic structure of a
standard C program has also been explained. Some common
commands used in MSDOS and UNIX to compile and run
programs in C have been discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 9 discusses the input and output statements in C that
are commonly used for the console. It presents the single
character non-formatted input/output functions and the
formatted input/output functions scanf() and printf().
Chapter 10 presents the decision and loop constructs available
in C as also the special constructs that are mostly used with
them. It throws light on the reasons behind the choice of
control constructs for problem solving. Several examples
have been given to illustrate the use of these constructs.
Chapter 11 discusses arrays and strings. It explains how
arrays of different dimensions are initialized, referred to,
used, and printed. The available string arrays and string
library functions have been dealt in detail with an adequate
number of illustrations. The chapter also illustrates how the
input and output functions available in C accept and print
strings and arrays.
Chapter 12 deals with functions in C. It explains the need of
functions in a program. It explains the different components of
a function and the method of passing and returning variables
