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Designation: E 709 – 08

Standard Guide for

Magnetic Particle Testing

This standard is issued under the ﬁxed designation E 709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of

original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A

superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope

1.1 This guide

describes techniques for both dry and wet

magnetic particle testing, a nondestructive method for detect-

ing cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surface in

ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be

applied to raw material, semiﬁnished material (billets, blooms,

castings, and forgings), ﬁnished material and welds, regardless

of heat treatment or lack thereof. It is useful for preventive

maintenance testing.

1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in the

preparation of speciﬁcations/standards, procedures and tech-

niques.

1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used as

follows:

1.2.1 To establish a means by which magnetic particle

testing, procedures recommended or required by individual

organizations, can be reviewed to evaluate their applicability

and completeness.

1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and person-

nel concerned in magnetic particle testing.

1.2.3 To aid in the preparation of procedures dealing with

the examination of materials and parts. This guide describes

magnetic particle testing techniques that are recommended for

a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagnetic materials

and widely varying examination requirements. Since there are

many acceptable differences in both procedure and technique,

the explicit requirements should be covered by a written

procedure (see Section

21).

1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify accep-

tance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques.

It should be pointed out, however, that after indications have

been produced, they must be interpreted or classiﬁed and then

evaluated. For this purpose there should be a separate code,

speciﬁcation, or a speciﬁc agreement to deﬁne the type, size,

location, degree of alignment and spacing, area concentration,

and orientation of indications that are unacceptable in a speciﬁc

part versus those which need not be removed before part

acceptance. Conditions where rework or repair is not permitted

should be speciﬁed.

1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magnetic

particle method techniques.

1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see

8.4),

1.4.2 Wet magnetic particle (see

8.5),

1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.7),

and

1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see

8.5.8).

1.5 Personnel Qualiﬁcation—Personnel performing exami-

nations in accordance with this guide should be qualiﬁed and

certiﬁed in accordance with ASNT Recommended Practice No.

SNT-TC-1A, ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410,oras

speciﬁed in the contract or purchase order.

1.6 Nondestructive Testing Agency—If a nondestructive

testing agency as described in Practice

E 543 is used to

perform the examination, the nondestructive testing agency

should meet the requirements of Practice

E 543.

1.7 The numerical values shown in inch-pound units are to

be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for informa-

tion only.

1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the

safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the

responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-

priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-

bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:

A 275/A 275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination

of Steel Forgings

A 456/A 456M Speciﬁcation for Magnetic Particle Exami-

nation of Large Crankshaft Forgings

D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens

Closed Cup Tester

D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent

This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-

tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid

Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods.

Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally

approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E709 - 01.

For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Applications see related Guide

SE-709 in Section II of that Code.

For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or

contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM

Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on

the ASTM website.

Downloaded/printed by

SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-

ity)

E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination

E 543 Speciﬁcation for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-

tive Testing

E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations

E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing

E 2297 Guide for Use of UV-A and Visible Light Sources

and Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic

Particle Methods

2.2 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE): Aerospace

Materials Speciﬁcations:

AMS 2300 Premium Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness

Magnetic Particle Inspection Procedure

AMS 2301 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Magnetic Par-

ticle Inspection Procedure

AMS 2303 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Martensitic

Corrosion Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle Inspection

Procedure

AMS 2641 Vehicle Magnetic Particle Inspection

AMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Dry

Method

AMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to Use

AMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Dry Powder

AMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Oil Ve-

hicle, Aerosol Packaged

AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,

Dry Powder

AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to Use

AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged

AMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,

Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, Maximum

AMS 5355 Investment Castings

AMS-I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic Rubber

AS 4792 Water Conditioning Agents for Aqueous Magnetic

Particle Inspection

AS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic Particle

Inspection

AS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for Magnetic

Particle Inspection

2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing:

SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation in

Nondestructive Testing

CP-189 ASNT Qualiﬁcation and Certiﬁcation of Nonde-

structive Testing Personnel

2.4 Federal Standards:

A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, Suspension

FED-STD 313 Material Safety Data Sheets Preparation and

the Submission of

2.5 OSHA Document:

29CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication

2.6 AIA Documents:

NAS 410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualiﬁcation

and Certiﬁcation

3. Terminology

3.1 For deﬁnitions of terms used in the practice, refer to

Terminology

E 1316

4. Summary of Guide

4.1 Principle—The magnetic particle method is based on

establishing a magnetic ﬁeld with high ﬂux density in a

ferromagnetic material. The ﬂux lines must spread out when

they pass through non-ferromagnetic material such as air in a

discontinuity or an inclusion. Because ﬂux lines can not cross,

this spreading action may force some of the ﬂux lines out of the

material (ﬂux leakage). Flux leakage is also caused by reduc-

tion in ferromagnetic material (cross-sectional change), a sharp

dimensional change, or the end of the part. If the ﬂux leakage

is strong enough, ﬁne magnetic particles will be held in place

and an accumulation of particles will be visible under the

proper lighting conditions. While there are variations in the

magnetic particle method, they all are dependent on this

principle, that magnetic particles will be retained at the

locations of magnetic ﬂux leakage. The amount of ﬂux leakage

at discontinuities depends primarily on the following factors;

ﬂux density in the material, and size, orientation, and proximity

to the surface of a discontinuity. With longitudinal ﬁelds, all of

the ﬂux lines must complete their loops though air and an

excessively strong magnetic ﬁeld may interfere with examina-

tion near the ﬂux entry and exit points due to the high

ﬂux-density present at these points.

4.2 Method—While this practice permits and describes

many variables in equipment, materials, and procedures, there

are three steps essential to the method:

4.2.1 The part must be magnetized.

4.2.2 Magnetic particles of the type designated in the

contract/purchase order/speciﬁcation should be applied while

the part is magnetized or immediately thereafter.

4.2.3 Any accumulation of magnetic particles must be

observed, interpreted, and evaluated.

4.3 Magnetization:

4.3.1 Ways to Magnetize—A ferromagnetic material can be

magnetized either by passing an electric current through the

material or by placing the material within a magnetic ﬁeld

originated by an external source. The entire mass or a portion

of the mass can be magnetized as dictated by size and

equipment capacity or need. As previously noted, in order to be

detectable, the discontinuity must interrupt the normal path of

the magnetic ﬁeld lines. If a discontinuity is open to the

Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth

Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http://www.sae.org.

Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box

28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.

Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,

Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http://

www.dodssp.daps.mil.

Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200

Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http://www.osha.gov.

Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000

Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.

E709–08

Downloaded/printed by

SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

surface, the ﬂux leakage attracting the particles will be at the

maximum value for that particular discontinuity. When that

same discontinuity is below the surface, ﬂux leakage evident

on the surface will be a lesser value.

4.3.2 Field Direction—If a discontinuity is oriented parallel

to the magnetic ﬁeld lines, it may be essentially undetectable.

Therefore, since discontinuities may occur in any orientation, it

may be necessary to magnetize the part or the area of interest

twice or more sequentially in different directions by the same

method or a combination of different methods (see Section

13)

to induce magnetic ﬁeld lines in a suitable direction in which

to perform an adequate examination.

4.3.3 Field Strength—The magnetic ﬁeld must be of suffi-

cient strength to indicate those discontinuities which are

unacceptable, yet must not be so strong that an excess of local

particle accumulation masks relevant indications (see Section

14).

4.4 Types of Magnetic Particles and Their Use—There are

various types of magnetic particles available for use in mag-

netic particle testing. They are available as dry powders

(ﬂuorescent and nonﬂuorescent) ready for use as supplied (see

8.4), powder concentrates (ﬂuorescent and nonﬂuorescent) for

dispersion in water or suspending in light petroleum distillates

(see 8.5), magnetic slurries/paints (see 8.5.7), and magnetic

polymer dispersions (see

8.5.8).

4.5 Evaluation of Indications—When the material to be

examined has been properly magnetized, the magnetic particles

have been properly applied, and the excess particles properly

removed, there will be accumulations of magnetic particles

remaining at the points of ﬂux leakage. These accumulations

show the distortion of the magnetic ﬁeld and are called

indications. Without disturbing the particles, the indications

must be examined, classiﬁed, compared with the acceptance

standards, and a decision made concerning the disposition of

the material that contains the indication.

4.6 Typical Magnetic Particle Indications:

4.6.1 Surface Discontinuities—Surface discontinuities, with

few exceptions, produce sharp, distinct patterns (see

Annex

4.6.2 Near-surface discontinuities—Near-surface disconti-

nuities produce less distinct indications than those open to the

surface. The patterns tend to be broad, rather than sharp, and

the particles are less tightly held (see

Annex A1).

5. Signiﬁcance and Use

5.1 The magnetic particle method of nondestructive testing

indicates the presence of surface and near-surface discontinui-

ties in materials that can be magnetized (ferromagnetic). This

method can be used for production examination of parts/

components or structures and for ﬁeld applications where

portability of equipment and accessibility to the area to be

examined are factors. The ability of the method to ﬁnd small

discontinuities can be enhanced by using ﬂuorescent particles

suspended in a suitable vehicle and by introducing a magnetic

ﬁeld of the proper strength whose orientation is as close as

possible to 90° to the direction of the suspected discontinuity

(see

4.3.2). A smoother surface or a pulsed current improves

mobility of the magnetic particles under the inﬂuence of the

magnetic ﬁeld to collect on the surface where magnetic ﬂux

leakage occurs.

6. Equipment

6.1 Types—There are a number of types of equipment

available for magnetizing ferromagnetic parts and components.

With the exception of a permanent magnet, all equipment

requires a power source capable of delivering the required

current levels to produce the magnetic ﬁeld. The current used

dictates the sizes of cables and the capability of relays,

switching contacts, meters and rectiﬁer if the power source is

alternating current.

6.2 Portability—Portability, which includes the ability to

hand carry the equipment, can be obtained from yokes,

portable coils with power supplies, and capacitor discharge

power supplies with cables. Generally, portable coils provide

high magnetizing forces by using higher numbers of turns to

compensate for their lower current ﬂow. Capacitor discharge

units use high current storage capacity and provide these high

current levels for only a very short duration.

6.3 Yokes—Yokes are usually C-shaped electromagnets

which induce a magnetic ﬁeld between the poles (legs) and are

used for local magnetization (

Fig. 1). Many portable yokes

FIG. 1 Yoke Method of Part Magnetization

E709–08

Downloaded/printed by

SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

have articulated legs (poles) that allow the legs to be adjusted

to contact irregular surfaces or two surfaces that join at an

angle.

6.3.1 Permanent Magnets—Permanent magnets are avail-

able but their use may be restricted for many applications. This

restriction may be due to application impracticality, or due to

the speciﬁcations governing the examination. Permanent mag-

nets can lose their magnetic ﬁeld generating capacity by being

partially demagnetized by a stronger ﬂux ﬁeld, being damaged,

or dropped. In addition, the particle mobility created by AC

current or HW current pulsations produced by electromagnetic

yokes are not present. Particles, steel ﬁlings, chips, and scale

clinging to the poles can create a housekeeping problem.

6.4 Prods—Prods are used for local magnetizations, see

Fig.

. The prod tips that contact the piece should be aluminum,

copper braid, or copper pads rather than solid copper. With

solid copper tips, accidental arcing during prod placement or

removal can cause copper penetration into the surface which

may result in metallurgical damage (softening, hardening,

cracking, etc.). Open-circuit voltages should not exceed 25 V.

6.4.1 Remote Control Switch—A remote-control switch,

which may be built into the prod handles, should be provided

to permit the current to be turned on after the prods have been

properly placed and to turn it off before the prods are removed

in order to prevent arcing (arc burns).

6.5 Bench Unit—A typical bench type unit is shown in

Fig.

. The unit normally is furnished with a head/tailstock combi-

nation along with a ﬁxed coil (see Fig. 4).

6.6 Black Light—The black light must be capable of devel-

oping a peak wavelength output at or near 365 nm with an

intensity at the examination surface that satisﬁes

7.1.2. Suitable

ﬁlters are used to remove the extraneous visible light and any

harmful UV radiation emitted by the black light bulb. Some

high intensity black light bulbs may emit unacceptable

amounts of blue light that may cause indications to become

invisible due to the increase in surface background. Refer to

E 2297 for more detail. When using a mercury vapor bulb a

change in line voltage greater than 610 % can cause a change

in black light output with consequent inconsistent perfor-

mance. A constant voltage transformer may be used where

there is evidence of voltage changes greater than 10 %.

6.7 Equipment Veriﬁcation—See Section

20.

7. Examination Area

7.1 Light Intensity for Examination—Magnetic indications

found using nonﬂuorescent particles are examined under vis-

ible light. Indications found using ﬂuorescent particles must be

examined under black (ultraviolet) light. This requires a

darkened area with accompanying control of the visible light

intensity.

FIG. 2

E709–08

Downloaded/printed by

SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

7.1.1 Visible Light Intensity—The intensity of the visible

light at the surface of the part/work piece undergoing nonﬂuo-

rescent particle examination is recommended to be a minimum

of 100 foot candles (1076 lux). The intensity of ambient visible

light in the darkened area where ﬂuorescent magnetic particle

testing is performed is recommended to not exceed 2 foot

candles (21.5 lux).

7.1.1.1 Field Examinations—For some ﬁeld examinations

using nonﬂuorescent particles, visible light intensities as low as

50 foot candles (538 lux) may be used when agreed on by the

contracting agency.

7.1.2 Black (Ultraviolet) Light:

7.1.2.1 Black Light Intensity—The black light intensity at

the examination surface is recommended to not be less than

1000 µW/cm

when measured with a suitable black light meter.

7.1.2.2 Black Light Warm-up—When using a mercury vapor

bulb, allow the black light to warm up for a minimum of ﬁve

minutes prior to its use or measurement of the intensity of the

ultraviolet light emitted.

7.1.3 Dark Area Eye Adaptation—The generally accepted

practice is that an inspector be in the darkened area at least one

(1) minute so that his/her eyes will adapt to dark viewing prior

to examining parts under UV illumination. (Warning—

Photochromic or permanently tinted lenses should not be worn

during examination.)

7.2 Housekeeping—The examination area should be kept

free of interfering debris. If ﬂuorescent materials are involved,

the area should also be kept free of ﬂuorescent objects not

related to the part/piece being examined.

8. Magnetic Particle Materials

8.1 Magnetic Particle Properties:

8.1.1 Dry Particle Properties—

AMS 3040 describes the

generally accepted properties of dry method particles.

8.1.2 Wet Particle Properties—The following documents

describe the generally accepted properties of wet method

particles in their various forms:

AMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to Use

AMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Dry Powder

AMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Oil Ve-

hicle, Aerosol Packaged

AMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,

Dry Powder

AMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Ready to Use

AMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Non-ﬂuorescent, Wet

Method, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol Packaged

8.1.3 Suspension Vehicle— The suspension vehicle for wet-

method examination may be either a light oil distillate ﬂuid

(refer to

AMS 2641 or A-A-52930) or a conditioned water

vehicle (refer to

AS 4792).

8.2 Particle Types—The particles used in either dry or wet

magnetic particle testing techniques are basically ﬁnely divided

ferromagnetic materials which have been treated to impart

color (ﬂuorescent and nonﬂuorescent) in order to make them

highly visible (contrasting) against the background of the

surface being examined. The particles are designed for use

either as a free ﬂowing dry powder or for suspension at a given

concentration in a suitable liquid medium.

8.3 Particle Characteristics—The magnetic particles must

have high permeability to allow ease of magnetizing and

attraction to the site of the ﬂux leakage and low retentivity so

they will not be attracted (magnetic agglomeration) to each

other. Control of particle size and shape is required to obtain

consistent results. The particles should be nontoxic, free from

rust, grease, paint, dirt, and other deleterious materials that

might interfere with their use; see

20.5 and 20.6. Both dry and

wet particles are considered safe when used in accordance with

the manufacturer’s instructions. They generally afford a very

low hazard potential with regard to ﬂammability and toxicity.

8.4 Dry Particles—Dry magnetic powders are designed to

be used as supplied and are applied by spraying or dusting

directly onto the surface of the part being examined. They are

generally used on an expendable basis because of the require-

ment to maintain particle size and control possible contamina-

tion. Reuse is not a normal practice. Dry powders may also be

used under extreme environmental conditions. They are not

affected by cold; therefore examination can be carried out at

temperatures that would thicken or freeze wet baths. They are

also heat resistant; some powders may be usable at tempera-

tures up to 600°F (315°C). Some colored, organic coatings

applied to dry particles to improve contrast lose their color at

temperatures this high, making the contrast less effective.

Fluorescent dry particles cannot be used at this high a

temperature; the manufacturer should be contacted for the

temperature limitations.

8.4.1 Advantages—The dry magnetic particle technique is

generally superior to the wet technique for detection of

near-surface discontinuities on parts with a gross indication

size. Refer to

8.5.1: (a) for large objects when using portable

equipment for local magnetization; (b) superior particle mo-

bility is obtained for relatively deep-seated ﬂaws using half-

wave rectiﬁed current as the magnetizing source; (c) ease of

removal.

FIG. 3 Bench Unit

E709–08

Downloaded/printed by

SGS North America Inc. pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

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