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The Internet of Things 英文原版书，适合入门物联网。目录： 1 Demystifying the IoT Paradigm....................................................................................1 Why the IoT Is Strategically Sound.................................................................................... 2 IoT Leads to Smarter Computing.................................................................................. 2 IoT Delivers Smarter Environments .............................................................................. 3 IoT Prescribes the Shift toward People IT...................................................................... 4 Te Brewing and Blossoming Trends in IT Space ............................................................... 4 Te Key Drivers for the IoT Discipline.......................................................................... 4 Everything Gets Service-Enabled ................................................................................... 5 Big Data Becomes Big Insights ...................................................................................... 5 Envisioning Software-Defned Clouds ........................................................................... 6 Te Diversity of IoT Data Sources................................................................................. 6 Te Technology Space.................................................................................................... 7 Te Process Space .......................................................................................................... 7 Infrastructure Space....................................................................................................... 7 Architecture Space ......................................................................................................... 7 Envisioning the Internet of Tings Era............................................................................... 8 Deeper Digitization toward Smart Objects or Sentient Materials................................... 8 Te Connected Devices ................................................................................................. 9 Adaptive Applications.................................................................................................. 10 Illustrating the Device-to-Device/Machine-to-Machine Integration Concept................... 10 Te Popular M2M Applications .................................................................................. 11 Smart Energy............................................................................................................... 11 Smart Health Care....................................................................................................... 11 Smart Home Security .................................................................................................. 11 Smart Cargo Handling ................................................................................................ 12 Smart Trafc Management........................................................................................... 12 Smart Inventory and Replenishment Management ...................................................... 12 Smart Cash Payment ................................................................................................... 12 Smart Tracking ............................................................................................................ 12 Smart Displays............................................................................................................. 12 www.allitebooks.comvi ◾ Contents Smarter Manufacturing ............................................................................................... 13 Smart Asset Management ............................................................................................ 13 Smarter Retailing......................................................................................................... 14 Explaining the Aspect of Device-to-Cloud (D2C) Integration.......................................... 14 Clouds Infrastructures for Next-Generation Device Applications................................. 15 Cloud Infrastructures for IoT Data Analytics............................................................... 15 Cloud Infrastructures for Smartphone Services ............................................................ 16 Te Emergence of the IoT Platform as a Service (PaaS).................................................... 16 Device Management.................................................................................................... 16 Te Real-Time Analytics of IoT Big Data.................................................................... 16 Integration with Enterprise Systems............................................................................. 17 Digging into the Cloud-to-Cloud (C2C) Integration Paradigm ....................................... 17 An IoT Application Scenario ....................................................................................... 18 Describing the Sensor-to-Cloud Integration Concept ...................................................... 19 Storage ........................................................................................................................ 20 Azure IoT Hub Device Management ............................................................................... 20 Homeland Security and the Sensor Cloud ................................................................... 22 Te Prominent IoT Realization Technologies ................................................................... 23 Te IoT: Te Key Application Domains........................................................................... 24 Te IoT Challenges and the Research Domains........................................................... 26 Te Research Domains ................................................................................................ 27 Te Emerging IoT Flavors................................................................................................ 27 Te Industrial Internet of Tings (IIoT) ...................................................................... 28 Consumer Internet of Tings (CIoT) .......................................................................... 31 Social Internet of Tings (SIoT) .................................................................................. 32 Semantic Internet of Tings (SIoT) ............................................................................. 33 Why Semantics for the Interoperable IoT.................................................................... 35 Cognitive Internet of Tings (CIoT) ........................................................................... 36 Envisioning Cognitive IoT .......................................................................................... 36 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 37 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 38 2 Realization of IoT Ecosystem Using Wireless Technologies.........................................39 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 40 Architecture for IoT Using Mobile Devices...................................................................... 41 Mobile Technologies for Supporting IoT Ecosystem......................................................... 43 5G Technology ............................................................................................................ 43 Software-Defned Networking ..................................................................................... 43 Network Functions Virtualization ............................................................................... 44 5G Architecture........................................................................................................... 46 Ultra Wide Band Technology ...................................................................................... 46 How UWB Works .................................................................................................. 47 ISO 18000 7 DASH7.................................................................................................. 47 Near Field Communication Technology ...................................................................... 48 Energy Harvesting for Power Conservation in the IoT System ......................................... 49 Architecture of an Energy Harvesting Terminal for a Wireless Sensor Network ......... 50 Mobile Application Development Platforms .................................................................... 51 www.allitebooks.comContents ◾ vii Mobile Use Cases for IoT................................................................................................. 53 Low Power Wide Area Networking Technologies .............................................................53 LPWAN Network Topologies ...................................................................................... 55 Direct Device Connectivity Topology of LPWAN................................................... 55 Indirect Device Connectivity through a LPWAN Gateway ..................................... 56 Sigfox .......................................................................................................................... 56 Binary Phase Shift Keying....................................................................................... 57 Weightless ................................................................................................................... 57 Weightless-P ........................................................................................................... 57 Weightless-N .......................................................................................................... 57 Weightless-W .......................................................................................................... 58 NWave ........................................................................................................................ 58 Ingenu......................................................................................................................... 58 Random Phase Multiple Access............................................................................... 58 LoRa ........................................................................................................................... 59 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 59 Bibliography .................................................................................................................... 60 3 Infrastructure and Service Discovery Protocols for the IoT Ecosystem .......................61 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 62 Layered Architecture for IoT............................................................................................ 62 Objects Layer .............................................................................................................. 63 Object Abstraction Layer............................................................................................. 63 Service Management Layer .......................................................................................... 63 Application Layer ........................................................................................................ 63 Business Layer ............................................................................................................. 64 Protocol Architecture of IoT ............................................................................................ 64 Infrastructure Protocols.................................................................................................... 64 Routing Protocol ......................................................................................................... 64 IEEE 802.15.4 ............................................................................................................ 66 IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks ............................................... 68 Network Architecture of 6LoWPAN....................................................................... 68 Protocol Stack of 6LoWPAN .................................................................................. 70 Bluetooth Low Energy................................................................................................. 71 Generic Attribute Profle......................................................................................... 72 Attribute Protocol ................................................................................................... 72 Security Manager Protocol ...................................................................................... 72 EPCglobal ................................................................................................................... 73 Long Term Evolution-Advanced .................................................................................. 73 Z-Wave........................................................................................................................ 75 Components of Z-Wave Network ........................................................................... 75 ZigBee......................................................................................................................... 76 Device or Service Discovery for IoT ................................................................................. 77 Bluetooth Beacons....................................................................................................... 77 Wi-Fi Aware ................................................................................................................ 77 Physical Web ............................................................................................................... 78 Open Hybrid............................................................................................................... 78 www.allitebooks.comviii ◾ Contents Shazam........................................................................................................................ 78 Chirp........................................................................................................................... 78 How Chirp Works .................................................................................................. 79 Protocols for IoT Service Discovery.................................................................................. 79 multicast Domain Name System (mDNS)................................................................... 79 DNS Service Discovery ............................................................................................... 80 Universal Plug and Play ............................................................................................... 81 Prominent IoT Service Discovery Products Available in the Market ................................. 82 Bonjour....................................................................................................................... 82 Consul......................................................................................................................... 83 Basic Architecture of Consul ................................................................................... 83 AllJoyn ........................................................................................................................ 83 Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 84 References ........................................................................................................................ 84 4 Te Integration Technologies and Tools for IoT Environments ................................85 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 86 IoT Communication Protocol Requirements............................................................... 87 Te IoT Portion for Smarter Enterprises and Environments............................................. 88 Te Growing Importance of the IoT Paradigm............................................................ 88 Te Meteoric Rise of Device Ecosystem....................................................................... 88 Te Dazzling Growth of Operational and Transactional Systems ................................. 89 Deeper and Decisive Data Analytics ............................................................................ 89 Te Emergence of Pioneering Analytics (Generic as well as Specifc) ........................... 90 State-of-the-Art Data Science Tools ............................................................................. 90 Sensor and Actuator Networks ......................................................................................... 91 Sensor-to-Cloud Integration........................................................................................ 93 Te IoT Device Integration Concepts, Standards, and Implementations .......................... 95 Machine-to-Machine Communication ........................................................................ 95 Service Oriented Device Architecture for Device Integration....................................... 96 An Illuminating Use Case............................................................................................ 97 Device Profle for Web Services.................................................................................... 97 About the DPWSim Development Toolkit ............................................................. 99 Te Reference Architecture for Smarter Hospitals ................................................. 100 Messaging Methods: Pub or Sub and Point-to-Point ............................................. 100 Node.DPWS: Efcient Web Services for the IoT .................................................. 101 Te Open Service Gateway Initiative Standard .......................................................... 102 Scalability ............................................................................................................. 103 Robustness............................................................................................................ 103 Remote OSGi ....................................................................................................... 104 Eclipse Kura.......................................................................................................... 104 openHAB ............................................................................................................. 105 Te REST Paradigm.................................................................................................. 106 Te Device Connectivity via the OPC Standard ........................................................ 106 Te Device Integration Protocols and Middleware ......................................................... 107 Message Queue Telemetry Transport.......................................................................... 108 Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol .............................................................. 110 www.allitebooks.comContents ◾ ix ejabberd..................................................................................................................... 110 Data Distribution Bus ............................................................................................... 111 Advanced Message Queuing Protocol ........................................................................ 112 Constrained Application Protocol.............................................................................. 114 Te Protocol Landscape for IoT ..................................................................................... 116 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 117 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 117 5 Te Enablement Platforms for IoT Applications and Analytics.................................119 Describing the IoT Journey............................................................................................ 120 Te IoT Building Blocks ................................................................................................ 121 Digitized Entities and Connected Devices ................................................................. 121 IoT or Sensor Data Gateway...................................................................................... 121 Application Enablement Platforms ............................................................................ 122 Data Analytics Platforms ........................................................................................... 122 Knowledge Discovery and Dissemination.................................................................. 122 Storage, Backup, and Archival ................................................................................... 122 Cognitive Clouds....................................................................................................... 123 Te Major Players in the IoT Space ........................................................................... 123 A Few Enthralling IoT Use Cases................................................................................... 124 IoT Application Enablement Platforms.......................................................................... 125 Characterizing IoT or Machine-to-Machine Application Platforms................................ 125 IoT AEPs—Te Architectural Building-Blocks............................................................... 128 IoT and M2M Sensor Data Platform by AerCloud.................................................... 129 TingWorx IoT AEP ................................................................................................. 130 ORBCOMM IoT Platform....................................................................................... 131 Azure IoT Hub .............................................................................................................. 132 Amazon Web Service IoT Platform ................................................................................ 132 Te Axeda IoT Platform................................................................................................. 133 Te IoT Data Analytics Platforms .................................................................................. 134 IBM Watson IoT Platform ........................................................................................ 135 ParStream IoT Analytics Platform.............................................................................. 136 Vitria IoT Analytics Platform .................................................................................... 137 Pentaho IoT Analytics Platform................................................................................. 137 Splunk Software for IoT Data.................................................................................... 138 Guavus IoT Analytics Platform ...................................................................................... 139 Virdata IoT Analytics Platform.................................................................................. 140 Te IoT Data Virtualization Platforms........................................................................... 141 Te Key Capabilities Data Virtualization Delivers.......................................................... 142 IoT Data Visualization Platform .................................................................................... 142 Car Counter .............................................................................................................. 144 Te IoT Edge Data Analytics ......................................................................................... 144 Key Features and Highlights for Developers .............................................................. 145 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 146 Te IoT Analytics Platforms—Te Links ....................................................................... 146 www.allitebooks.comx ◾ Contents 6 Te Next-Generation Clouds for IoT Applications and Analytics .............................149 Introduction................................................................................................................... 150 Reflecting the Cloud Journey ......................................................................................... 151 About Technology Choice ......................................................................................... 151 Software-Defned Clouds for IoT .............................................................................. 151 Te Enigma of Commoditization .............................................................................. 152 About the Cloud Technology ......................................................................................... 153 Te Cloud Service Ecosystem......................................................................................... 154 Te Key Motivations for Cloud-Enabled Environments................................................. 155 A Look at Cloud-Inspired Enterprise Transformations ................................................... 156 Te Emergence of Cloud Environments .................................................................... 156 Energy Optimization................................................................................................. 157 IoT and Cloud-Inspired Smarter Environments ............................................................. 158 Smarter Environments............................................................................................... 158 Smarter Homes.......................................................................................................... 159 Smarter Grids ............................................................................................................ 161 IoT and Cloud for Smarter Cities.............................................................................. 161 Sensor-Cloud Integration for Smarter Cities.............................................................. 162 Social and Sensor Data Fusion in Cloud.................................................................... 162 Smarter Health Care.................................................................................................. 163 Cloud-Inspired Smarter Health Care Services............................................................ 164 Te Era of Hybrid Clouds.............................................................................................. 165 Envisioning Federated Clouds........................................................................................ 165 Cloud Federation Approaches.................................................................................... 166 Special-Purpose Clouds.................................................................................................. 167 Device Clouds ........................................................................................................... 168 Te Emergence of Edge/Fog Clouds............................................................................... 170 Te Compelling Use Cases for Next-Gen Edge Clouds.............................................. 171 Use Cases—Te Computation and Actionable Insights ............................................. 171 Te Storage Use Cases ............................................................................................... 172 Data Dissemination................................................................................................... 173 Mobile-Edge Computing (MEC) .............................................................................. 173 Edge Analytics-Enabled Smarter Trafc Systems ........................................................ 174 Te Architectural Components of the Smarter Trafc System......................................... 174 Tending toward Software-Defned Clouds...................................................................... 175 Te Building Blocks of Software-Defned Clouds........................................................... 177 Software-Defned Networking (SDN) ....................................................................... 177 Te Key Motivations for SDN................................................................................... 178 Te Need of SDN for the Cloud ............................................................................... 179 Software-Defned Storage (SDS) .................................................................................... 180 Cloud-Based Big Data Storage................................................................................... 181 Te Key Characteristics of Software-Defned Storage................................................. 182 Te Onset of Cognitive Clouds...................................................................................... 182 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 183 References ...................................................................................................................... 183Contents ◾ xi 7 Describing the Emerging Field of IoT Data Analytics...............................................185 Introduction................................................................................................................... 186 Te Principal Steps toward Knowledge Discovery and Dissemination ............................ 187 Te Rewarding Repercussions of the Data Explosion ..................................................... 188 Describing Big Data Analytics........................................................................................ 188 Te Strategic Importance of Big Data Analytics ............................................................. 189 Big Data Analytics: Te Prominent Use Cases................................................................ 191 Customer Satisfaction Analysis .................................................................................. 191 Market Sentiment Analysis ........................................................................................ 191 Epidemic Analysis...................................................................................................... 192 Using Big Data Analytics in Health Care................................................................... 192 Machine Data Analytics by Splunk............................................................................ 193 Real-Time and Streaming Analytics................................................................................ 196 Expounding the IoT Data Analytics Domain................................................................. 199 Te Key Drivers for IoT Data Analytics ......................................................................... 199 Te Key Movements and Motivations of IoT Data......................................................... 200 Te Emergence of Edge Clouds for Real-Time Insights.................................................. 201 Deep Diving and Digging into Edge Analytics............................................................... 202 Te Renowned Edge Analytics Use Cases....................................................................... 203 Smart Water System................................................................................................... 203 Smarter Grid ............................................................................................................. 203 Smarter Homes and Buildings ................................................................................... 203 Smarter Retailing....................................................................................................... 204 Self-Maintaining Trains ............................................................................................. 204 Smarter Mines ........................................................................................................... 204 Device Integration..................................................................................................... 204 Smarter Trafc Systems.............................................................................................. 204 Te Architectural Components of the Smarter Trafc System......................................... 205 Te Key Capabilities of Next-Generation IoT Data Analytics Platforms......................... 207 Te Key Capabilities.................................................................................................. 208 Te Prime Modules of IoT Data Analytics Platforms ..................................................... 209 Te Reference Architecture for IoT Data Analytics Platform.......................................... 209 Te Renowned Use Cases for IoT Data Analytics........................................................... 211 Connected Cars......................................................................................................... 211 Te Data Analytics Locations .................................................................................... 212 Why Have Cloud-Based IoT Data Analytics?................................................................. 213 Te Distinct Capabilities of IoT Data Analytics Platforms ............................................. 214 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 216 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 216 8 Expounding the Edge/Fog Computing Paradigm......................................................217 Introduction................................................................................................................... 218 Te Introduction of Fog/Edge Computing..................................................................... 219 Fog versus Edge Computing...................................................................................... 220 Illustrating the Game-Changing IoT Journey................................................................. 221 It Is All About the Extreme and Deeper Connectivity................................................ 221xii ◾ Contents Te Humongous Volumes of IoT Data...................................................................... 223 Major IoT Data Types ............................................................................................... 224 Measurement Data .................................................................................................... 224 Event Data ................................................................................................................ 224 Interaction and Transaction Data............................................................................... 224 Diagnostics Data ....................................................................................................... 224 Describing the Fog Computing-Like Concepts .............................................................. 225 Local/Proximate Clouds ............................................................................................ 225 Cloudlet Facilities...................................................................................................... 225 Why Cloudlet-Like Arrangement Is Mandated?......................................................... 226 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)............................................................................... 226 Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) ............................................................................ 227 Te Use Cases of Fog/Edge Computing ......................................................................... 227 Smart Homes ............................................................................................................ 228 Smart Grids............................................................................................................... 228 Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks..................................................................... 228 Smart Vehicles ........................................................................................................... 229 Smarter Security ........................................................................................................ 229 Smart Buildings......................................................................................................... 229 IoT and Cyber-Physical Systems................................................................................ 230 Software-Defned Networking ................................................................................... 230 Why Is Fog Computing Crucial for the Envisaged IoT Success?..................................... 230 Weeding Out Irrelevant Data at the Source ............................................................... 231 Real-Time IoT Data Analytics ................................................................................... 231 Instantaneous Response............................................................................................. 231 Resource-Constrained Sensors Behind Fog Devices ................................................... 231 IoT Data Security...................................................................................................... 231 Te Formation of Edge Clouds.................................................................................. 232 Building Composite Applications .............................................................................. 232 Policy-Based Fog Devices........................................................................................... 232 Delving into Fog/Edge Analytics.................................................................................... 233 Te Greatness of Edge Data....................................................................................... 233 Edge Analytics: Te Prominent Use Cases...................................................................... 234 IoT Sensor Data Monitoring and Analysis................................................................. 234 Remote Monitoring and Analysis of Oil and Gas Operations .................................... 234 Smarter Cities............................................................................................................ 235 Smart Retailers .......................................................................................................... 235 Smart Automobiles.................................................................................................... 235 Smart Manufacturing ................................................................................................ 236 Facilities and Asset Management ............................................................................... 237 Carving Out Edge Clouds for Edge Analytics ................................................................ 237 Deep Diving and Digging into the Aspect of Edge Analytics.......................................... 238 Introducing Integrated Fog Computing Platforms ......................................................... 239 Te OSGi Standard for Building Device Management Frameworks........................... 240 Te Eclipse Kura—An IoT Device Management and Analytics Platform ....................... 241 Everyware Software Framework...................................................................................... 242 Apache Quarks .......................................................................................................... 243Contents ◾ xiii Predixion Software..................................................................................................... 243 Te Solair Smart Gateway.......................................................................................... 244 Te Solair Platform—IoT Devices: Te Integration Options.......................................... 245 Direct Collection....................................................................................................... 245 Mobile Bridge............................................................................................................ 245 Smart Gateway .......................................................................................................... 245 Altiux Innovations.......................................................................................................... 246 ParStream Edge Analytics Appliance .............................................................................. 246 Dell Edge Gateway 5000 Series...................................................................................... 246 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 247 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 247 9 Envisioning Futuristic Smart Airports Using IoT Integration...................................249 Introduction................................................................................................................... 250 Airport Infrastructure..................................................................................................... 251 Airport 1.0 ................................................................................................................ 252 Airport 2.0 ................................................................................................................ 253 Personal Technology/Processes for Passengers ................................................................. 253 Mobile Applications for Air Travel Passengers ............................................................ 253 Technology/Processes to Streamline Passenger Journey................................................... 254 Interactive Displays and Bill Boards in Airports......................................................... 254 Technology/Processes to Enhance Passenger Experience ................................................. 254 Interactive Surfaces.................................................................................................... 254 Processes for Increased Leisure Experience...................................................................... 255 Finnish Sauna at Helsinki Airport ............................................................................. 255 Free Sightseeing Tour at Changi Airport, Singapore................................................... 255 Free Cooking Classes at Paris Orly Airport ................................................................ 256 Traditional Culture Workshops at Incheon International Airport, South Korea ......... 256 Airport 3.0............................................................................................................ 256 Mobile Devices in Airports............................................................................................. 257 Social Media Applications in Airports ............................................................................ 259 Source: Amadeus Survey ................................................................................................ 260 Mobile Applications for Airports.................................................................................... 261 Mobile Technologies ...................................................................................................... 262 Quick Response Codes in Airports for Mobile Check-In ........................................... 262 Near Field Communication ........................................................................................... 263 Telepresence................................................................................................................... 264 Wireless Broadband........................................................................................................ 264 RFID/Sensors ................................................................................................................ 264 Biometric Passports ................................................................................................... 264 Other Biometric Applications in Airports....................................................................... 265 RFID-Based Tracking of Baggage in Airports ................................................................. 265 Beacons for Airports....................................................................................................... 266 Applications of Beacons for Airports .............................................................................. 267 Tracking Passenger Location ...................................................................................... 267 Triggering Mobile Boarding Passes............................................................................. 267 Navigating the Airport............................................................................................... 267xiv ◾ Contents Promotions at Retail Outlets in Airports.................................................................... 267 Baggage Reclaim........................................................................................................ 267 Wearable Technology ..................................................................................................... 268 Benefts of Wearable Devices ..................................................................................... 269 Use Cases of Wearables for Airports........................................................................... 269 Passenger Baggage Tracking ....................................................................................... 270 Operational Efciencies of Airports .......................................................................... 270 Other Supporting Technologies for Smart Airports ........................................................ 270 Cloud Computing.......................................................................................................... 270 Big Data and Predictive Analytics................................................................................... 271 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 271 References ...................................................................................................................... 272 10 Envisioning Smart Health Care Systems in a Connected World ................................273 Introduction................................................................................................................... 274 Clinical Care.................................................................................................................. 275 Remote Monitoring ....................................................................................................... 275 Other Interesting Use Cases of IoT ................................................................................ 276 Enabling Technologies which Make IoT in Health Care Possible ................................... 279 Challenges in the IoT Health Care Sector ...................................................................... 279 Future Trends for IoT in Health Care............................................................................. 280 Ingestible Sensor........................................................................................................ 280 Digital Medicine........................................................................................................ 281 Mobile Apps in Health Care Sector................................................................................ 282 Cloud and Big Data Analytics in the Health Care Sector................................................ 282 Cloud Services in Health Care Sector............................................................................. 283 Electronic Storage of Medical Records ....................................................................... 283 Ofce Productivity Solutions..................................................................................... 284 Health Information Exchange.................................................................................... 284 Collaboration Solution for Physicians........................................................................ 285 Clinical Information System...................................................................................... 285 Big Data Analytics in the Health Care Sector ............................................................ 285 Support Research in Genomics and Other Health Care Projects................................ 286 Transform Data from Information............................................................................. 288 Use of Explanatory Analytics by Predixion Software .................................................. 288 Use of Big Data by Health Fidelity ............................................................................ 288 Supporting Self Care.................................................................................................. 289 Supporting Self Care with Ginger.io .......................................................................... 289 Support for Providers................................................................................................. 289 Increase Awareness..................................................................................................... 291 Sproxil Uses Big Data to Identify Counterfeit Drugs ................................................. 291 Sickweather LLC Uses Social Media to Track Disease Outbreaks ............................... 291 Pool Data to Build a Better Ecosystem....................................................................... 291 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 292 References ...................................................................................................................... 292Contents ◾ xv 11 Smart Use Cases of IoT .............................................................................................293 Introduction................................................................................................................... 294 Governance Use Cases.................................................................................................... 294 Ubiquitous Connectivity................................................................................................ 295 Omnipresent Devices..................................................................................................... 296 Collaboration Platforms................................................................................................. 296 Cloud Computing.......................................................................................................... 296 Open Standards and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) ............................................ 296 Geospatial Platforms ...................................................................................................... 297 Neogeography in Smart Cities........................................................................................ 297 Internet of Tings (IoT)................................................................................................. 297 Advanced Analytics ........................................................................................................ 298 Open Access to Public Data ........................................................................................... 298 Digitally Controlled Devices .......................................................................................... 299 Social Media Networking............................................................................................... 299 Strategic Governance Framework for the Implementation of Smart Cities...................... 299 City Objectives .............................................................................................................. 300 City Indicators ............................................................................................................... 300 City Components .......................................................................................................... 300 City Content.................................................................................................................. 301 Smart Industrial Use Cases of IoT.................................................................................. 301 Smart Lighting for Energy Conservation........................................................................ 304 Smart Lighting Approaches ....................................................................................... 304 Wireless Lighting Control Systems ............................................................................ 306 Smart Transportation Systems ........................................................................................ 308 Electric Vehicles (EVs)............................................................................................... 309 Smarter Vehicles ........................................................................................................ 309 Te Technological Implications on Vehicles ............................................................... 310 Insights-Driven Connected Vehicles .......................................................................... 310 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Connectivity................................................................................. 311 Vehicle-to-Cloud Connectivity .................................................................................. 311 Vehicle Connectivity Platforms, Tools, and Applications ........................................... 312 Use Cases of Technology-Inspired Vehicles ................................................................ 313 An Assortment of Vehicle-Centric Applications ......................................................... 313 Knowledge Services ................................................................................................... 313 Big Data Analytics for Smarter Transports ................................................................. 314 Te Approaches for Smarter Transportation............................................................... 315 Predict Demand and Optimizing Capacity, Assets, and Infrastructure ....................... 315 Improve the End-to-End Experience for Travelers...................................................... 316 Increase Operational Efciency While Reducing Environmental Impact ................... 316 Ensure Safety and Security......................................................................................... 316 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) ........................................................................... 317 Connected Cars ............................................................................................................. 317 Consumer Use Cases of IoT........................................................................................... 318xvi ◾ Contents Smart Homes/Buildings ................................................................................................. 319 Te Key Drivers for Smarter Homes and Buildings.................................................... 319 Te Prominent Use Cases of Smarter Homes and Buildings ...................................... 319 Smarter Homes and Building Elements ..................................................................... 320 Smarter Home/Buildings Capabilities........................................................................ 322 Role of Building Automation Systems in Smarter Homes and Buildings ........................ 323 Smarter Homes—Middleware Platforms........................................................................ 324 Smarter Home Frameworks............................................................................................ 326 Smart Education Systems Using Wearable Devices......................................................... 327 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 328 Reference ....................................................................................................................... 328 12 Security Management of an IoT Ecosystem...............................................................329 Introduction................................................................................................................... 329 Security Requirements of an IoT Infrastructure.............................................................. 330 Confdentiality, Integrity, and Availability Triad......................................................... 330 Confdentiality...................................................................................................... 330 Integrity................................................................................................................ 331 Availability............................................................................................................ 331 Authentication, Authorization, and Audit Trial (AAA) Framework................................. 331 Authentication........................................................................................................... 331 Authorization ............................................................................................................ 332 Audit Trial ................................................................................................................. 332 Defense-in-Depth .......................................................................................................... 332 Trusted Computing Base (TCB)................................................................................ 332 Encryption ................................................................................................................ 333 Security Concerns of Cloud Platforms ........................................................................... 333 Virtual Machine Segmentation....................................................................................... 334 Database Segmentation .................................................................................................. 335 VM Introspection .......................................................................................................... 335 Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)............................................................................ 335 Imperva SecureSphere Web Application Firewall to Prevent DDoS Attacks ............... 336 Virtual Machine/Hypervisor-Based Security Treats ...................................................... 337 Unauthorized Alteration of Virtual Machine Image Files ........................................... 337 VM Teft .................................................................................................................. 338 Inter-VM Attacks ...................................................................................................... 338 Instant-On Gaps........................................................................................................ 339 Hyperjacking............................................................................................................. 339 Security Treats of Big Data........................................................................................... 340 Distributed Programming Frameworks...................................................................... 341 Use of NoSQL Databases .......................................................................................... 341 Storage Tiering .......................................................................................................... 341 Data Source Validation.............................................................................................. 341 Privacy Concerns....................................................................................................... 342 Requirements of Security Management Framework for Big Data ................................... 342 Agile Scale-Out Infrastructure ................................................................................... 343 Security Analytics ...................................................................................................... 343Contents ◾ xvii Treat Monitoring and Intelligence ........................................................................... 344 Security Treats in Smartphones................................................................................ 344 Security Solutions for Mobile Devices............................................................................ 345 Security Concerns in IoT Components .......................................................................... 346 Security Measures for IoT Platforms/Devices ................................................................. 347 Secure Booting .......................................................................................................... 347 Mandatory Access Control Mechanisms .................................................................... 347 Device Authentication for Networks.......................................................................... 347 Device-Specifc Firewalls............................................................................................ 347 Controlled Mechanism to Ensure Application of Security Patches and Upgrades......... 347 Security Treats in Different Use Cases of IoT ............................................................... 348 Security Treats in Smart Transportation Systems...................................................... 348 Security Treats in Smart Grids and Other IoT-Based Infrastructure Components..........349 Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 350 Bibliography .................................................................................................................. 350