Modern Operating Systems 2014年第四版，经典计算机教材
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The Trademark and Logo were previously owned by Red Hat The gnome logo and gnome name are registered trademarks or trademarks of GNOME Foundation in the united states or other countries Firefox and firefox oS are registered trademarks of the mozilla foundation Fortran is a trademark of IBM Corp freebsd is a registered trademark of the freebsd foundation GE 645 is a trademark of General Electric Corporation Intel Core is a trademark of Intel Corporation in the U.S. and/or other countries Java is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, InC, and refers to Suns Java programming language Linux b is the registered trademark of linus torvalds in the u.s. and other countries MS-DOS and windows are registered trademarks of microsoft Corporation in the United states and/or other countries TI Silent 700 is a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated UNIX is a registered trademark of The Open Group Zilog and Z80 are registered trademarks of zilog, Inc MODERN OPERATING SYSTEMS FOURTH EDITION ANDREW S. TANENBAUM HERBERT BOS Vrije universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands PEARSON Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle river msterdam Cape Town dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Vice President and Editorial Director ECS: Marcia horton Executive Editor: Tracy Johnson Program Management Team Lead: Scoll Disanno Program Manager: Carole snyder Project Manager: Camille trentacoste Operations Specialist: Linda sager Cover Design: Black Horse Designs Cover art: Jason consalvo Media Project Manager: Renata butera Copyright o 2015, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc, Upper Saddle river, New Jersey, 07458 Pearson Prentice-Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 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Fearsome Jedi, all(HB This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PREFACE XXII TRODUCTION 1. 1 WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM? 3 1. 1. 1 The Operating system as an Extended machine 4 1.1.2 The Operating system as a resource manager 5 2 HISTORY OF OPERATING SYSTEMS 6 1. 2. 1 The First Generation(1945-55): Vacuum Tubes 7 1.2.2 The Second Generation(1955-65 ) Transistors and Batch Systems 8 1. 2.3 The Third Generation(1965-1980): ICs and Multiprogramming 9 1. 2.4 The Fourth Generation(1980-Present): Personal Computers 14 1.2.5 The Fifth Generation(1990-Present): Mobile Computers 19 1.3 COMPUTER HARDWARE REVIEW 20 1. 3. 1 Processors 21 1.3.2 Memory 24 1. 3. 3 Disks 27 1.3 4 10 Devices 28 1.3.5Bu 1.3.6 Booting the Computer 34 CONTENTS 1 4 THE OPERATING SYSTEM ZOO 35 1.4.1 Mainframe Operating Systems 35 1.4.2 Server Operating Systems 35 1.43 Multiprocessor Operating systems 36 1. 4 4 Personal Computer Operating systems 36 1. 4.5 Handheld Computer Operating Systems 36 1.4.6 Embedded Operating Systems 36 1.4.7 Sensor-Node Operating Systems 37 1.4.8 Real-Time Operating Systems 37 1. 4.9 Smart Card Operating Systems 38 15 OPERATING SYSTEM CONCEPTS 38 1.5. 1 Processes 39 1.5.2 AddresS S 41 1. 5 3 Files 41 1.5.4 Input/Output 45 1.55 Protection 45 1.5.6 The Shell 45 1.5.7 Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny 46 1 6 SYSTEM CALLS 50 1.6. 1 System Calls for Process Management 53 1.6.2 System Calls for File Management 56 1.6.3 System Calls for Directory Management 57 1. 6 4 Miscellaneous System Calls 59 1.6.5 The Windows win 32 Api 60 1.7 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE 62 1.7. 1 Monolithic systems 62 1.7.2 Layered Systems 63 1.7.3 Microkernels 65 1. 7 4 Client-Server Model 68 1. 7.5 Virtual machines 68 1.7.6 Exokernels 72 1. 8 THE WORLD ACCORDING TOC 73 1. 8. 1 The C language 73 1. 8.2 Header files 74 1.8.3 Large Programming Projects 75 1. 8 4 The Model of Run Time 76 CONTENTS 1.9 RESEARCH ON OPERATING SYSTEMS 77 10 OUTLINE OF THE REST OF THIS BOOK 78 1. 11 METRIC UNITS 79 1 12 SUMMARY 80 2 PROCESSES AND THREADS 85 2.1 PROCeSSes 85 2.1 1 The process model 86 2.1.2 Process Creation 88 2.1 3 Process Termination 90 2.1 4 Process hierarchies 91 2.15 Process s 92 2.1.6 Implementation of Processes 94 2.1.7 Modeling Multiprogramming 95 2.2 THREADS 97 2.2. 1 Thread Usage 97 2.2.2 The Classical Thread Model 102 2. 2 3 POSIX Threads 106 2.2.4 Implementing Threads in User Space 108 2.2.5 Implementing Threads in the Kernel 11 1 2.2.6 Hybrid Implementations 112 2. 2. 7 Scheduler activations 1 13 2.2.8 Pop-Up Threads 114 2.2. 9 Making Single-Threaded Code multithreaded 1 1.5 2.3 INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION 119 2.3. 1 Race Conditions 119 2.3.2 Critical Regions 121 2.3.3 Mutual Exclusion with Busy Waiting 121 2.3.4 Sleep and Wakeup 127 2.3.5 Semaphores 130 23.6 Mutexes 132