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【世界银行-2024研报】塞内加尔的土地权和性别不平等(英).pdf
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LAND RIGHTS
AND GENDER
INEQUALITY
IN SENEGAL
GENDER GAP
ANALYSISPART I
2024
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure AuthorizedPublic Disclosure Authorized
LAND RIGHTS AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN SENEGAL
B
© 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington, DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000
Website: www.worldbank.org
This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, inter-
pretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World
Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, complete ness, or currency of the data included in
this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the infor-
mation, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or
conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any
map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concern ing the legal status
of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the
privileges and immuni ties of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.
Rights and Permissions
The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissem ination
of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as
long as full attribution to this work is given.
This research was financed by the Land 2030 Global Partnership.
Attribution—This report was prepared under the direction of Victoria Stanley and Patricia Van de Velde.
The original gap analysis and in-country research were prepared by a consortium of organizations
(IED, IPAR, IIED) under the direction of Mamadou Fall and Cheikh Oumar Ba. Philippine Sutz made a
substantial contribution to this report.
The project team consisted of Ibrahima Dia, Aissatou Hathie, Dr Mbaye Dieng (IED Afrique), Ndéye
Yandé Ndiaye, Dr Oumoul Khairy Coulibaly, Marame Cissé, Cheikh Faye, Chérif Sambou Bodian, Dr
Alpha Ba, Issa Ludovic Mingu (IPAR), Amaelle Sei gneret, and Camille Richebourg (IIED).
Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank
Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-
2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.
Cover photo credits, iStock Photo. Designed by Veronica Gadea.
LAND RIGHTS AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN SENEGAL
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abbreviations and Acronyms iv
Executive Summary 1
1. Introduction 3
1.1. Context and Justification 3
1.2. Methodological Framework 4
1.3. Report Structure 5
2. Land Governance in Senegal: Overview 7
2.1. Governance of Tenure: Between Formality and Customary Legitimacy 7
2.2. The Persistence of Informal Practices Fosters Land Tenure Insecurity 12
3. Women and Land in Senegal: A Relatively
EgalitarianLegalFramework 15
3.1. Equality and Parity: A Commitment to Protect Women’s Rights 15
3.2. Women’s Access to Land: National Texts that Contain No Gender
Discrimination 16
3.3. Family Law and the Continued Validation of Patriarchy 18
4. What Land Rights Do Women Have in Practice? 21
4.1. Gender Dynamics and Agricultural Land: Male Domination 21
4.2. Women and Agricultural Land: Ways of Gaining LandRights and
Constraints 26
4.3. Vulnerable Women and Access to Agricultural Land 37
4.4. Access to Housing in Rural Areas 38
4.5. Land Dynamics in Peri-urban Areas and Their Impact on
Women:TheCase of Bambilor 39
4.6. Initiatives to Promote and Secure Women’s Land Rights 42
LAND RIGHTS AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN SENEGAL
ii
5. Women in Land Governance: Present but Silent 49
5.1. Local Land Governance: Formality Versus Tradition 49
5.2. Women’s Participation in Local Formal Land
GovernanceInstitutions:Mixed Results 50
5.3. Tools and Mechanisms to Promote Women’s Participation
inLandGovernance 51
6. Conclusions and Recommendations 57
6.1. Recommendations 58
Annex 1 63
References 66
Photography 68
Boxes
1 Access to Land: Overview of Current Local Practices 9
2 Urban and Peri-urban Areas in the National Domain: Chaotic Practices 12
3 Who Are the Women Heads of Household and What is Their Level
ofAccessand Control Over Land? 23
4 Standard Baseline: A Married Woman in a Monogamous Marriage
Workingon Family Land 24
5 Inheritance Scenarios Upon the Death of a Patriarch 27
6 Women, Land Inheritance, and Diversity in Regional Practice 28
7 Producing Male Descendants as a Guarantee of Land Inheritance 30
8 Women’s Promotion Groups (WPGs) as a Strategy for
SecuringAccessto Land 34
Figures
1 Principle Ways of Obtaining Land Rights in Study Areas (All Genders) 11
2 Percentage of Interviewees Who Do Not Hold Land Certificates 13
LAND RIGHTS AND GENDER INEQUALITY IN SENEGAL
iii
3 Breakdown of the Ways Women Gain Land Rights 25
4 Representation of Women in Land Commissions 51
5 Land Governance Structures Extended to Women,
by AdministrativeLevel 52
6 Main Stages in the Creation of Tools Promoting Women’s
ParticipationinLand Governance 54
7 Distribution of the Population Surveyed by Gender 65
Tables
1 Breakdown of Households According to Head of Household’s Gender 22
2 Ways for Women to Obtain Rights to Agricultural Land, by Locality 26
3 Buying property, a Decisive Way to Access Urban Housing in Bambilor 41
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