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Python How to Program, 1/e

Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Computers, Internet and the World Wide Web.

2. Introduction to Python Programming.

3. Control Structures.

4. Functions.

5. Tuples, Lists, and Dictionaries.

6. Introduction to the Common Gateway Interface (CGI).

7. Object-Based Programming: Classes and Data Abstraction.

8. Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance and Polymorphism.

9. Operator Overloading.

10. Graphical User Interface Components: Part 1.

11. Graphical User Interface Components: Part 2.

12. Exception Handling.

13. Strings Manipulation and Regular Expressions.

14. File Processing and Serialization.

15. Extensible Markup Language (XML).

16. Python XML Processing.

17. Python Database Application Programming Interface (DB-API).

18. Process Management.

19. Multithreading.

20. Networking.

21. Security.

22. Data Structures.

23. Case Study: Multi-Tier Online Bookstore.

24. Multimedia.

25. Accessibility.

26. Bonus: Introduction to XHMTL: Part I.

27. Bonus: Introduction to XHTML: Part II.

28. Bonus: Cascading Style Sheets™ (CSS).

29. Bonus: Introduction to PHP.

Appendix A. Operator Precedence Chart.

Appendix B. ASCII Character Set.

Appendix C. Number Systems.

Appendix D. Python Development Environments.

Appendix E. Python 2.2 Resources.

Appendix F. Career Opportunities.

Appendix G. Unicode®.

2 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction

Welcome to Python! We have worked hard to create what we hope will be an informative

and entertaining learning experience for you. The manner in which we approached this top-

ic created a book that is unique among Python textbooks for many reasons. For instance,

we introduce early in the text the use of Python with the Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

for programming Web-based applications. We do this so that we can demonstrate a variety

of dynamic, Web-based applications in the remainder of the book. This text also introduces

a range of topics, including object-oriented programming (OOP), the Python database ap-

plication programming interface (DB-API), graphics, the Extensible Markup Language

(XML), security and an appendix on Web accessibility that addresses programming and

technologies relevant to people with impairments. Whether you are a novice or an experi-

enced programmer, there is much here to inform, entertain and challenge you.

Python How to Program is designed to be appropriate for readers at all levels, from

practicing programmers to individuals with little or no programming experience. How can

one book appeal to both novices and skilled programmers? The core of this book empha-

sizes achieving program clarity through proven techniques of structured programming and

Outline

1.1 Introduction

1.2 What Is a Computer?

1.3 Computer Organization

1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems

1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server

Computing

1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level

Languages

1.7 Structured Programming

1.8 Object-Oriented Programming

1.9 Hardware Trends

1.10 History of the Internet and World Wide Web

1.11 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

1.12 Extensible Markup Language (XML)

1.13 Open-Source Software Revolution

1.14 History of Python

1.15 Python Modules

1.16 General Notes about Python and This Book

1.17 Tour of the Book

1.18 Internet and World Wide Web Resources

Summary • Terminology • Self-Review Exercises • Answers to Self-Review Exercises • Exercises

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web 3

object-based programming. Nonprogrammers learn basic skills that underlie good pro-

gramming; experienced programmers receive a rigorous explanation of the language and

may improve their programming styles. To aid beginning programmers, we have written

this text in a clear and straightforward manner, with abundant illustrations. Perhaps most

importantly, the book presents hundreds of complete working Python programs and shows

the outputs produced when those programs are run on a computer. We call this our Live-

Code™ approach. All of the book’s examples are available on the CD-ROM that accom-

panies this book and on our Web site, www.deitel.com.

Most people are at least somewhat familiar with the exciting capabilities of computers.

Using this textbook, you will learn how to command computers to exercise those capabil-

ities. It is software (i.e., the instructions you write to command the computer to perform

actions and make decisions) that controls computers (often referred to as hardware).

Computer use is increasing in almost every field. In an era of steadily rising costs, the

expense of owning a computer has been decreasing dramatically due to rapid developments

in both hardware and software technology. Computers that filled large rooms and cost mil-

lions of dollars 25 to 30 years ago now are inscribed on the surfaces of silicon chips smaller

than a fingernail and that cost perhaps a few dollars each. Silicon is one of the most abun-

dant materials on the earth—it is an ingredient in common sand. Silicon-chip technology

has made computing so economical that hundreds of millions of general-purpose com-

puters are in use worldwide, helping people in business, industry, government and their per-

sonal lives. Given the current rate of technological development, this number could easily

double over the next few years.

In beginning to study this text, you are starting on a challenging and rewarding educa-

tional path. As you proceed, if you would like to communicate with us, please send us e-mail

at deitel@deitel.com or browse our World Wide Web sites at www.deitel.com,

www.prenhall.com/deitel and www.InformIT.com/deitel. We hope you

enjoy learning Python with Python How to Program.

1.2 What Is a Computer?

A computer is a device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions at

speeds millions and even billions of times faster than those of human beings. For example,

many of today’s personal computers can perform hundreds of millions—even billions—of

additions per second. A person operating a desk calculator might require decades to com-

plete the same number of calculations that a powerful personal computer can perform in one

second. (Points to ponder: How would you know whether the person added the numbers cor-

rectly? How would you know whether the computer added the numbers correctly?) Today’s

fastest supercomputers can perform hundreds of billions of additions per second—about as

many calculations as hundreds of thousands of people could perform in one year! Trillion-

instruction-per-second computers are already functioning in research laboratories!

Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer pro-

grams. These programs guide computers through orderly sets of actions that are specified

by individuals known as computer programmers.

A computer is composed of various devices (such as the keyboard, screen, mouse, disks,

memory, CD-ROM and processing units) known as hardware. The programs that run on a

computer are referred to as software. Hardware costs have been declining dramatically in

recent years, to the point that personal computers have become a commodity. Software-devel-

4 Introduction to Computers, Internet and World Wide Web Chapter 1

opment costs, however, have been rising steadily, as programmers develop ever more pow-

erful and complex applications without being able to improve significantly the technology of

software development. In this book, you will learn proven software-development methods

that can reduce software-development costs—top-down, stepwise refinement, functionaliza-

tion and object-oriented programming. Object-oriented programming is widely believed to be

the significant breakthrough that can greatly enhance programmer productivity.

1.3 Computer Organization

Virtually every computer, regardless of differences in physical appearance, can be envi-

sioned as being divided into six logical units, or sections:

1. Input unit. This “receiving” section of the computer obtains information (data and

computer programs) from various input devices. The input unit then places this in-

formation at the disposal of the other units to facilitate the processing of the infor-

mation. Today, most users enter information into computers via keyboards and

mouse devices. Other input devices include microphones (for speaking to the

computer), scanners (for scanning images) and digital cameras and video cameras

(for taking photographs and making videos).

2. Output unit. This “shipping” section of the computer takes information that the

computer has processed and places it on various output devices, making the infor-

mation available for use outside the computer. Computers can output information

in various ways, including displaying the output on screens, playing it on audio/

video devices, printing it on paper or using the output to control other devices.

3. Memory unit. This is the rapid-access, relatively low-capacity “warehouse” sec-

tion of the computer, which facilitates the temporary storage of data. The memory

unit retains information that has been entered through the input unit, enabling that

information to be immediately available for processing. In addition, the unit re-

tains processed information until that information can be transmitted to output de-

vices. Often, the memory unit is called either memory or primary memory—

random access memory (RAM) is an example of primary memory. Primary mem-

ory is usually volatile, which means that it is erased when the machine is powered

off.

4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). The ALU is the “manufacturing” section of the

computer. It is responsible for the performance of calculations such as addition,

subtraction, multiplication and division. It also contains decision mechanisms, al-

lowing the computer to perform such tasks as determining whether two items

stored in memory are equal.

5. Central processing unit (CPU). The CPU serves as the “administrative” section of

the computer. This is the computer’s coordinator, responsible for supervising the

operation of the other sections. The CPU alerts the input unit when information

should be read into the memory unit, instructs the ALU about when to use infor-

mation from the memory unit in calculations and tells the output unit when to send

information from the memory unit to certain output devices.

6. Secondary storage unit. This unit is the long-term, high-capacity “warehousing”

section of the computer. Secondary storage devices, such as hard drives and disks,

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