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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
An Introduction to Signals and Noise
in Electrical Communication
FIFTH EDITION
A. Bruce Carlson
Late of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Paul B. Crilly
University of Tennessee
car80407_fm_i-xx.qxd 9/1/09 8:59 AM Page i
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: AN INTRODUCTION TO SIGNALS AND NOISE IN ELECTRICAL
COMMUNICATION, FIFTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved. Previous editions © 2002, 1986, and 1975. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or
other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 9
ISBN 978–0–07–338040–7
MHID 0–07–338040–7
Global Publisher: Raghothaman Srinivasan
Director of Development: Kristine Tibbetts
Developmental Editor: Lora Neyens
Senior Marketing Manager: Curt Reynolds
Project Manager: Melissa M. Leick
Senior Production Supervisor: Sherry L. Kane
Senior Media Project Manager: Jodi K. Banowetz
Associate Design Coordinator: Brenda A. Rolwes
Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri
Compositor: Laserwords Private Limited
Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman
Printer: R. R. Donnelley Crawfordsville, IN
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Carlson, A. Bruce, 1937–
Communication systems : an introduction to signals and noise in electrical communication /
A. Bruce Carlson, Paul B. Crilly.—5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–07–338040–7—ISBN 0–07–338040–7 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Signal theory
(Telecommunication) 2. Modulation (Electronics) 3. Digital communications. I. Crilly, Paul B. II. Title.
TK5102.5.C3 2010
621.382 ' 23—dc22
2008049008
www.mhhe.com
car80407_fm_i-xx.qxd 9/1/09 8:59 AM Page ii
To my wife and best friend,
Alice Kathleen Eiland Crilly
To my parents,
Lois Brown Crilly and Ira Benjamin Crilly
To my grandmother,
Harriet Wilson Crilly
car80407_fm_i-xx.qxd 9/1/09 8:59 AM Page iii
Contents
The numbers in parentheses after section titles identify previous sections that contain the minimum prerequisite
material.
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Elements and Limitations
of Communication Systems 2
Information, Messages, and Signals 2
Elements of a Communication System 3
Fundamental Limitations 5
1.2 Modulation and Coding 6
Modulation Methods 6
Modulation Benefits and Applications 8
Coding Methods and Benefits 11
1.3 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Over
Wireless Channels 12
RF Wave Deflection 14
Skywave Propagation 14
1.4 Emerging Developments 17
1.5 Societal Impact and Historical
Perspective 20
Historical Perspective 21
1.6 Prospectus 24
Chapter 2
Signals and Spectra 27
2.1 Line Spectra and Fourier Series 29
Phasors and Line Spectra 29
Periodic Signals and Average Power 33
Fourier Series 35
Convergence Conditions and Gibbs
Phenomenon 39
Parseval’s Power Theorem 42
2.2 Fourier Transforms and Continuous Spectra
(2.1) 43
Fourier Transforms 43
Symmetric and Causal Signals 47
Rayleigh’s Energy Theorem 50
Duality Theorem 52
Transform Calculations 54
2.3 Time and Frequency Relations (2.2) 54
Superposition 55
Time Delay and Scale Change 55
Frequency Translation and Modulation 58
Differentiation and Integration 60
2.4 Convolution (2.3) 62
Convolution Integral 63
Convolution Theorems 65
2.5 Impulses and Transforms
in the Limit (2.4) 68
Properties of the Unit Impulse 68
Impulses in Frequency 71
Step and Signum Functions 74
Impulses in Time 76
2.6 Discrete Time Signals and the Discrete
Fourier Transform 80
Convolution Using the DFT (2.4) 83
Chapter 3
Signal Transmission and Filtering 91
3.1 Response of LTI Systems (2.4) 92
Impulse Response and the Superposition
Integral 93
Transfer Functions and Frequency
Response 96
Block-Diagram Analysis 102
3.2 Signal Distortion in Transmission
(3.1) 105
Distortionless Transmission 105
Linear Distortion 107
Equalization 110
Nonlinear Distortion and Companding 113
3.3 Transmission Loss and Decibels (3.2) 116
Power Gain 116
Transmission Loss and Repeaters 118
Fiber Optics 119
Radio Transmission 122
3.4 Filters and Filtering (3.3) 126
Ideal Filters 126
Bandlimiting and Timelimiting 128
Real Filters 129
Pulse Response and Risetime 134
3.5 Quadrature Filters and Hilbert
Transforms (3.4) 138
iv
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