ModernElectric,HybridElectric,andFuelCellVehiclesFundamentals,Theory,andDesign第一章资源-CSDN文库

电动汽车

2星需积分: 44 191 浏览量 2010-03-14 10:54:12 上传评论 1 收藏 1.06MB PDF 举报

资源详情

资源评论

资源推荐

Environmental Impact and History of

Modern Transportation

CONTENTS

1.1 Air Pollution ..................................................................................................2

1.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides................................................................................2

1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide ............................................................................3

1.1.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons ................................................................3

1.1.4 Other Pollutants ................................................................................3

1.2 Global Warming ............................................................................................4

1.3 Petroleum Resources ....................................................................................5

1.4 Induced Costs ................................................................................................7

1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies

to Future Oil Supply......................................................................................9

1.6 History of Electric Vehicles ........................................................................13

1.7 History of Hybrid Electric Vehicles ..........................................................15

1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles......................................................................17

References ..............................................................................................................18

The development of internal combustion engine vehicles, especially auto-

mobiles, is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology.

Automobiles have made great contributions to the growth of modern soci-

ety by satisfying many of its needs for mobility in everyday life. The rapid

development of the automotive industry, unlike that of any other industry,

has prompted the progress of human society from a primitive one to a highly

developed industrial society. The automotive industry and the other indus-

tries that serve it constitute the backbone of the word’s economy and

employ the greatest share of the working population.

However, the large number of automobiles in use around the world has

caused and continues to cause serious problems for the environment and

human life. Air pollution, global warming, and the rapid depletion of the

Earth’s petroleum resources are now problems of paramount concern.

In recent decades, the research and development activities related to trans-

portation have emphasized the development of high efficiency, clean, and

safe transportation. Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell

vehicles have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles in the

near future.

This chapter reviews the problems of air pollution, gas emissions causing

global warming, and petroleum resource depletion. It also gives a brief

review of the development of electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and

fuel cell technology.

1.1 Air Pollution

At present, all vehicles rely on the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels to

derive the energy necessary for their propulsion. Combustion is a reaction

between the fuel and the air that releases heat and combustion products. The

heat is converted to mechanical power by an engine and the combustion

products are released into the atmosphere. A hydrocarbon is a chemical

compound with molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Ideally,

the combustion of a hydrocarbon yields only carbon dioxide and water,

which do not harm the environment. Indeed, green plants “digest” carbon

dioxide by photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide is a necessary ingredient in veg-

etal life. Animals do not suffer from breathing carbon dioxide unless its con-

centration in air is such that oxygen is almost absent.

Actually, the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel in combustion engines is

never ideal. Besides carbon dioxide and water, the combustion products con-

tain a certain amount of nitrogen oxides (NO

), carbon monoxides (CO), and

unburned hydrocarbons (HC), all of which are toxic to human health.

1.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides

Nitrogen oxides (NO

) result from the reaction between nitrogen in the air

and oxygen. Theoretically, nitrogen is an inert gas. However, the high tem-

peratures and pressures in engines create favorable conditions for the for-

mation of nitrogen oxides. Temperature is by far the most important

parameter in nitrogen oxide formation. The most commonly found nitrogen

oxide is nitric oxide (NO), although small amounts of nitrogen dioxide

(NO

) and traces of nitrous oxide (N

O) are also present. Once released into

the atmosphere, NO reacts with oxygen to form NO

. This is later decom-

posed by the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation back to NO and highly reactive oxy-

gen atoms that attack the membranes of living cells. Nitrogen dioxide is

partly responsible for smog; its brownish color makes smog visible. It also

reacts with atmospheric water to form nitric acid (HNO

), which dilutes in

rain. This phenomenon is referred to as “acid rain” and is responsible for the

destruction of forests in industrialized countries.

Acid rain also contributes

to the degradation of historical monuments made of marble.

2 Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

1.1.2 Carbon Monoxide

Carbon monoxide results from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

due to a lack of oxygen.

It is a poison to human and animal beings that

breathe it. Once carbon monoxide reaches the blood cells, it fixes to the

hemoglobin in place of oxygen, thus diminishing the quantity of oxygen that

reaches the organs and reducing

the physical and mental abilities of affected

living beings. Dizziness is the first symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning,

which can rapidly lead to death. Carbon monoxide binds more strongly to

hemoglobin than oxygen. The bonds are so strong that normal body func-

tions cannot break them. Persons intoxicated by carbon monoxide must be

treated in pressurized chambers, where the pressure makes the carbon

monoxide–hemoglobin bonds easier to break.

1.1.3 Unburned Hydrocarbons

Unburned hydrocarbons are a result of the incomplete combustion of hydro-

carbons.

1, 2

Depending on their nature, unburned hydrocarbons may be

harmful to living beings.

Some of these unburned hydrocarbons may be

direct poisons or carcinogenic chemicals such as particulates, benzene, or

others. Unburned hydrocarbons are also responsible for smog: the Sun’s

ultraviolet radiations interact with unburned hydrocarbons and NO in the

atmosphere to form ozone and other products. Ozone is a molecule formed

of three oxygen atoms. It is colorless but very dangerous, and poisons as it

attacks the membranes of living cells, thus causing them to age prematurely

or to die. Toddlers, older people, and asthmatic humans suffer greatly from

exposure to high ozone concentrations. Annually, deaths from high ozone

peaks in polluted cities are reported.

1.1.4 Other Pollutants

Impurities in fuels result in the emission of pollutants. The major impurity is

sulfur, which is mostly found in diesel and jet fuel and also in gasoline and

natural gas.

The combustion of sulfur (or sulfur compounds such as hydro-

gen sulfide) with oxygen releases sulfur oxides (SO

). Sulfur dioxide (SO

) is

the major product of this combustion. Upon contact with air, it forms sulfur

trioxide, which later reacts with water to form sulfuric acid, a major compo-

nent of acid rain. It should be noted that sulfur oxide emissions originate

from transportation sources, but also largely from the combustion of coal in

power plants and steel factories. In addition, there is debate over the exact

contribution of natural sources such as volcanoes.

Petroleum companies add chemical compounds to their fuels in order to

improve the performance or lifetime of engines.

Tetraethyl lead, often

referred to simply as “lead,” was used to improve the knock resistance of

gasoline and therefore allow for better engine performance. However, the

Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation 3

combustion of this chemical releases lead metal, which is responsible for a

neurological disease called “saturnism.” Its use is now forbidden in most

developed countries and it has been replaced by other chemicals.

1.2 Global Warming

Global warming is a result of the “greenhouse effect” induced by the pres-

ence of carbon dioxide and other gases, such as methane, in the atmosphere.

These gases trap the Sun’s infrared radiation reflected by the ground, thus

retaining the energy in the atmosphere and increasing the temperature. An

increased Earth temperature results in major ecological damages to its

ecosystems and in many natural disasters that affect human populations.

Among the ecological damages induced by global warming, the disap-

pearance of some endangered species is a concern because it destabilizes the

natural resources that feed some populations. There are also concerns about

the migration of some species from warm seas to previously colder northern

seas, where they can potentially destroy indigenous species and the

economies that live off those species. This may be happening in the

Mediterranean Sea, where barracudas from the Red Sea have been observed.

Natural disasters command our attention more than ecological disasters

because of the amplitude of the damage they cause. Global warming is

believed to have induced meteorological phenomena such as “El Niño,”

which disturbs the South-Pacific region and regularly causes tornadoes,

inundations, and dryness. The melting of the polar icecaps, another major

result of global warming, raises the sea level and can cause the permanent

inundation of coastal regions, and sometimes of entire countries.

Carbon dioxide is the result of the combustion of hydrocarbons and coal.

Transportation accounts for a large share (32% from 1980 to 1999) of carbon

dioxide emissions. The distribution of carbon dioxide emissions is shown in

tion sector is clearly now the major contributor of carbon dioxide emissions.

It should be noted that developing countries are rapidly increasing their

world’s population. Further discussion is provided in the next subsection.

The large amounts of carbon dioxide released in the atmosphere by

human activities are believed to be largely responsible for the increase in

important to note that carbon dioxide is indeed digested by plants and

sequestrated by the oceans in the form of carbonates. However, these natu-

ral assimilation processes are limited and cannot assimilate all of the emitted

carbon dioxide, resulting in an accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmos-

phere.

4 Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Figure 1.1.

transportation sector, and these countries represent a very large share of the

Figure 1.2 shows the trend in carbon dioxide emissions. The transporta-

global Earth temperature observed during recent decades (Figure 1.3). It is

剩余18页未读，继续阅读

jiangsuyujunquan

2013-01-25

晕，才一章，就要10个积分，太贵了...下载了才发现只有一章...

评论收藏

内容反馈

pheaton

粉丝: 0
资源: 1

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Fundame...

评论1

最新资源

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Fundame...

评论1

现代电动混合动力和燃料电池汽车基础理论和设计 Second.Edition

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals 2

Energy Management Power Converters in Hybrid Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric & Fuel Cell Vehicles

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals 1

Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Design Fundamentals _IQBAL HUSAIN

Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles Technology Roadmap

SP Applications in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Lightweight Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Design

Hybrid Electric Vehicles_ Energy Management Strategies.pdf

METU EE75566 Electric Drives in Electric and Hybrid EV

Products for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles（denso）【日文】

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Energy Management Strategies

Hybrid Electric Vehicles_hevs_vehicles_

Drive_Design_in_Electric_Vehicles.rar_drive design matlab_electr

SAE J2954-2020 Wireless Power Transfer for Light-Duty Plug-in_Electric Vehicles and Alignment Methodology - 完整英文版（194页）.pdf

Sensing and Control for Autonomous Vehicles: Applications to Land, Water and Air

Electric Vehicles--Modelling and Simulations

Optimal-Scheduling-for-Charging-and-Discharging-of-Electric-Vehicles-master.zip

python大作业 含爬虫、数据可视化、地图、报告、及源码（整和为一个文件）（2014-2020全国各地区原油加工量）.rar

仿真电路以及操作方法

【纯干货啊】华为IPD流程管理(完整版).pptx

可编程语言标准IEC61131-3中文版.pdf

OFDM完整仿真过程与教程.zip

信号与系统——保研复习资料.pdf

Landsat_WRS2.zip

最全的Visio形状/图形库

AxureRP9项目原型50套、案例20个、元件库1套.zip

最新资源

python大作业含爬虫、数据可视化、地图、报告、及源码（整和为一个文件）（2014-2020全国各地区原油加工量）.rar