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The UNIX programming environment

Edition 2.0, June 1997

Mark Burgess

Centre of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering, Oslo College

of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all

copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the

conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the section entitled "GNU General Public

License" is included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is

distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to

copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions

for modified versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" may be

included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.

Foreword

This is a revised version of the UNIX compendium which is available in printed form and online via

the WWW and info hypertext readers. It forms the basis for a one or two semester course in UNIX.

The most up-to-date version of this manual can be found at

http://www.iu.hioslo.no/~mark/unix.html.

It is a reference guide which contains enough to help you to find what you need from other

sources. It is not (and probably can never be) a complete and self-contained work. Certain topics

are covered in more detail than others. Some topics are included for future reference and are not

intended to be part of an introductory course, but will probably be useful later. The chapter on X11

programming has been deleted for the time being.

Comments to Mark.Burgess@iu.hioslo.no Oslo, June 1996

Welcome

If you are coming to unix for the first time, from a Windows or MacIntosh environment, be

prepared for a rather different culture than the one you are used to. Unix is not about `products'

and off-the-shelf software, it is about open standards, free software and the ability to change just

about everything.

● What you personally might perceive as user friendliness in other systems, others might

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The UNIX programming environment

perceive as annoying time wasting. Unix offers you just about every level of friendliness and

unfriendliness, if you choose your programs right. In this book, we take the programmer's

point of view.

● Unix is about functionality, not about simplicity. Be prepared for powerful, not necessarily

`simple' solutions.

You should approach Unix the way you should approach any new system: with an open mind. The

journey begins...

Overview

In this manual the word "host" is used to refer to a single computer system -- i.e. a single machine

which has a name termed its "hostname".

What is unix?

Unix is one of the most important operating system in use today, perhaps even the most

important. Since its invention around the beginning of the 1970s it has been an object of continual

research and development. UNIX is not popular because it is the best operating system one could

imagine, but because it is an extremely flexible system which is easy to extend and modify. It is an

ideal platform for developing new ideas.

Much of the success of UNIX may be attributed to the rapid pace of its development (a

development to which all of its users have been able to contribute) its efficiency at running

programs and the many powerful tools which have been written for it over the years, such as the C

programming language, make, shell, lex and yacc and many others. UNIX was written by

programmers for programmers. It is popular in situations where a lot of computing power is

required and for database applications, where timesharing is critical. In contrast to some operating

systems, UNIX performs equally well on large scale computers (with many processors) and small

computers which fit in your suitcase!

All of the basic mechanisms required of a multi-user operating system are present in UNIX. During

the last few years it has become ever more popular and has formed the basis of newer, though

less mature, systems like NT. One reason for this that now computers have now become powerful

enough to run UNIX effectively. UNIX places burdens on the resources of a computer, since it

expects to be able to run potentially many programs simultaneously.

If you are coming to UNIX from DOS you may well be used to using applications software or

helpful interactive utilities to solve every problem. UNIX is not usually like this: the operating

system has much greater functionality and provides the possibilities for making your own, so it is

less common to find applications software which implements the same things. UNIX has long

been in the hands of academics who are used to making their own applications or writing their

own programs, whereas as the DOS world has been driven by businesses who are willing to

spend money on software. For that reason commerical UNIX software is often very expensive and

therefore not available at this college. On the other hand, the flexibility of UNIX means that it is

easy to write programs and it is possible to fetch gigabytes of free software from the internet to

suit your needs. It may not look like what you are used to on your PC, but then you have to

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remember that UNIX users are a different kind of animal altogether

Like all operating systems, UNIX has many faults. The biggest problem for any operating system

is that it evolves without being redesigned. Operating systems evolve as more and more patches

and hacks are applied to solve day-to-day problems. The result is either a mess which works

somehow (like UNIX) or a blank refusal to change (like DOS or MacIntosh). From a practical

perspective, Unix is important and successful because it is a multi-process system which

● has an enormous functionality built in, and the capacity to adapt itself to changing

technologies,

● is relatively portable,

● is good at sharing resources (but not so good at security),

● has tools which are each developed to do one thing well,

● allows these tools to be combined in every imaginable way, using pipes and channeling of

data streams,

● incorporates networking almost trivially, because all the right mechanisms are already there

for providing services and sharing, building client-server pairs etc,.

● it is very adaptable and is often used to develop new ideas because of the rich variety of

tools it possesses.

Unix has some problems: it is old, it contains a lot of rubbish which no one ever bothered to throw

away. Although it develops quickly (at light speed compared to either DOS or MacIntosh) the user

interface has been the slowest thing to change. Unix is not user-friendly for beginners, it is user-

friendly for advanced users: it is made for users who know about computing. It sometimes makes

simple things difficult, but above all it makes things possible!

The aim of this introduction is to

● introduce the unix system basics and user interface,

● develop the unix philosophy of using and combining tools,

● learn how to make new tools and write software,

● learn how to understand existing software.

To accomplish this task, we must first learn something about the shell (the way in which UNIX

starts programs). Later we shall learn how to solve more complex problems using Perl and C.

Each of these is a language which can be used to put UNIX to work. We must also learn when to

use which tool, so that we do not waste time and effort. Typical uses for these different interfaces

are

shell

Command line interaction, making scripts which perform simple jobs such as running

programs in batch, installing new software, simple system configuration and administration.

perl

Text interpretation, text formatting, output filters, mail robots, WWW cgi (common gateway

interface) scripts in forms, password testing, simple database manipulation, simple client-

server applications.

Nearly all of UNIX is written in C. Any program which cannot be solved quickly using shell

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complete.

To use this programming guide, you will need to work through the basics from each chapter. You

will find that there is much more information here than you need straight away, so try not to be

overwhelmed by the amount of material. Use the contents and the indices at the back to find the

information you need. If you are following a one-semester UNIX course, you should probably

concentrate on the following:

● The remainder of this introduction

● The detailed knowledge of the C shell

● An appreciation of the Bourne shell

● A detailed knowledge of Perl, guided by chapter 6. This chapter provides pointers on how to

get started in perl. It is not a substitute for the perl book.

● Everything in chapter 7 about C programming. This chapter is written in note form, since it

is assumed that you know a lot about C programming already.

● A sound appreciation of chapter 8 on network programming.

The only way to learn UNIX is to sit down and try it. As with any new thing, it is a pain to get

started, but once you are started, you will probably come to agree that UNIX contains a wealth of

possibilities, perhaps more than you had ever though was possible or useful!

One of the advantages of the UNIX system is that the entire UNIX manual is available on-line. You

should get used to looking for information in the online manual pages. For instance, suppose you

do not remember how to create a new directory, you could do the following:

nexus% man -k dir

dir ls (1) - list contents of directories

dirname dirname (1) - strip non-directory suffix from file

name

dirs bash (1) - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)

find find (1) - search for files in a directory

hierarchy

ls ls (1) - list contents of directories

mkdir mkdir (1) - make directories

pwd pwd (1) - print name of current/working directory

rmdir rmdir (1) - remove empty directories

The `man -k' command looks for a keyword in the manual and lists all the references it finds.

The command `apropos' is completely equivalent to `man -k'. Having discovered that the

command to create a directory is `mkdir' you can now look up the specific manaul page on

`mkdir' to find out how to use it:

man mkdir

Some but no all of the UNIX commands also have a help option which is activated with the `-h'

or `--help' command-line option.

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