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Instructor’s Solution Manual

Speech and Language Processing

An Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational

Linguistics, and Speech Recognition

Second Edition

Steven Bethard

University of Colorado at Boulder

Daniel Jurafsky

Stanford University

James H. Martin

University of Colorado at Boulder

Instructor’s Solutions Manual to accompany Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural

Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, Second Edition, by Steven Bethard

for Daniel Jurafsky and James H. Martin. ISBN 0136072658.

This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to

any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:

Rights and Permissions Department, Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.

Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

I Words 1

2 Regular Expressions and Automata .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3 Words and Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4 N-Grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

5 Part-of-Speech Tagging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

6 Hidden Markov and Maximum Entropy Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

II Speech 31

7 Phonetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

8 Speech Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

9 Automatic Speech Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

10 Speech Recognition: Advanced Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

11 Computational Phonology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

III Syntax 43

12 Formal Grammars of English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

13 Syntactic Parsing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

14 Statistical Parsing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

15 Features and Uniﬁcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

16 Language and Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

IV Semantics and Pragmatics 69

17 The Representation of Meaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

18 Computational Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

19 Lexical Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

20 Computational Lexical Semantics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

21 Computational Discourse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

V Applications 93

22 Information Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

23 Question Answering and Summarization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

24 Dialogue and Conversational Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

25 Machine Translation .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Preface

This Instructor’s Solution Manual provides solutions for the end-of-chapter exer-

cises in Speech and Language Processing: An Introduction to Natural Language Pro-

cessing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition (Second Edition). For

the more interactive exercises, or where a complete solution would be infeasible (e.g.,

would require too much code), a sketch of the solution or discussion of the issues

involved is provided instead. In general, the solutions in this manual aim to provide

enough information about each problem to allow an instructor to meaningfully evaluate

student responses.

Note that many of the exercises in this book could be solved in a number of different

ways, though we often provide only a single answer. We have aimed for what we

believe to be the most typical answer, but instructors should be open to alternative

solutions for most of the more complex exercises. The goal is to get students thinking

about the issues involved in the various speech and language processing tasks, so most

solutions that demonstrate such an understanding have achieved the main purpose of

their exercises.

On a more technical note, throughout this manual, when code is provided as the

solution to an exercise, the code is written in the Python programming language. This

is done both for consistency, and ease of comprehension - in many cases, the Python

code reads much like the algorithmic pseudocode used in other parts of the book. For

more information about the Python programming language, please visit:

http://www.python.org/

The code in this manual was written and tested using Python 2.5. It will likely work on

newer versions of Python, but some constructs used in the manual may not be valid on

older versions of Python.

Acknowledgments

Kevin Bretonnel Cohen deserves particular thanks for providing the solutions to

the biomedical information extraction problems in Chapter 22, and they are greatly

improved with his insights into the ﬁeld. Thanks also to the many researchers upon

whose work and careful documentation some of the solutions in this book are based,

including Alan Black, Susan Brennan, Eric Brill, Michael Collins, Jason Eisner, Jerry

Hobbs, Kevin Knight, Peter Norvig, Martha Palmer, Bo Pang, Ted Pedersen, Martin

Porter, Stuart Shieber, and many others.

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