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C++CoreGuidelines 
October23,2017
Editors:
BjarneStroustrup
HerbSutter
Thisdocumentisanearlydraft.It'sknowntobeincomplet,incorrekt,andhaslotsofbadfor~mat~ting.Haditbeenan
opensource(code) project, this would have been release 0.8. Copying, use, modification, and creation of derivative
works from this project is licensed under an MITstyle license. Contributing to this project requires agreeing to a
ContributorLicense.SeetheaccompanyingLICENSEfilefordetails.Wemakethisprojectavailableto"friendlyusers"
touse,copy,modify,andderivefrom,hopingforconstructiveinput.
Commentsandsuggestionsforimprovementsaremostwelcome.Weplantomodifyandextendthisdocumentasour
understandingimprovesandthelanguageandthesetofavailablelibrariesimprove.Whencommenting,pleasenotethe
introductionthatoutlinesouraimsandgeneralapproach.Thelistofcontributorsishere.
Problems:
Thesetsofruleshavenotbeenthoroughlycheckedforcompleteness,consistency,orenforceability.
Triplequestionmarks(???)markknownmissinginformation
Updatereferencesections;manypreC++11sourcesaretooold.
Foramoreorlessuptodatetodolistsee:Todo:Unclassifiedprotorules
YoucanreadanexplanationofthescopeandstructureofthisGuideorjustjumpstraightin:
In:Introduction
P:Philosophy
I:Interfaces
F:Functions
C:Classesandclasshierarchies
Enum:Enumerations
R:Resourcemanagement
ES:Expressionsandstatements
Per:Performance
CP:Concurrency
E:Errorhandling
Con:Constantsandimmutability
T:Templatesandgenericprogramming
CPL:Cstyleprogramming
SF:Sourcefiles
SL:TheStandardlibrary
Supportingsections:
A:ArchitecturalIdeas

Ourinitialsetofrulesemphasizessafety(ofvariousforms)andsimplicity.Theymayverywellbetoostrict.Weexpectto
havetointroducemoreexceptionstobetteraccommodaterealworldneeds.Wealsoneedmorerules.
Youwillfindsomeoftherulescontrarytoyourexpectationsorevencontrarytoyourexperience.Ifwehaven'tsuggested
youchangeyourcodingstyleinanyway,wehavefailed!Pleasetrytoverifyordisproverules!Inparticular,we'dreally
liketohavesomeofourrulesbackedupwithmeasurementsorbetterexamples.
You will find some of the rules obviousor even trivial. Please remember that one purpose of a guideline is to help
someonewhoislessexperiencedorcomingfromadifferentbackgroundorlanguagetogetuptospeed.
Manyoftherulesaredesignedtobesupportedbyananalysistool.Violationsofruleswillbeflaggedwithreferences(or
links) to the relevant rule.We do not expect you to memorize all the rules before trying to write code. One way of
thinkingabouttheseguidelinesisasaspecificationfortoolsthathappenstobereadablebyhumans.
Therulesaremeantforgradualintroductionintoacodebase.Weplantobuildtoolsforthatandhopeotherswilltoo.
Commentsandsuggestionsforimprovementsaremostwelcome.Weplantomodifyandextendthisdocumentasour
understandingimprovesandthelanguageandthesetofavailablelibrariesimprove.
In:Introduction 
This is a set of core guidelines for modern C++, C++14, taking likely future enhancements and ISO Technical
Specifications (TSs) into account. The aim is to help C++ programmers to write simpler, more efficient, more
maintainablecode.
Introductionsummary:
In.target:Targetreadership
In.aims:Aims
In.not:Nonaims
In.force:Enforcement
In.struct:Thestructureofthisdocument
In.sec:Majorsections
In.target:Targetreadership 
AllC++programmers.ThisincludesprogrammerswhomightconsiderC.
In.aims:Aims 
The purpose of this document isto helpdevelopers toadopt modernC++ (C++11, C++14, and soon C++17) and to
achieveamoreuniformstyleacrosscodebases.