《线性代数应该这样学，第3版》 描述线性算子的结构是线性代数的中心任务之一，传统的方法多以行列式为工具，但是行列式既难懂又不直观，其定义的引入也往往缺乏动因。本书作者独辟蹊径，抛弃了这种曲折的思路，把重点放在抽象的向量空间和线性映射上，给出的证明不使用行列式，更显得简单而直观。本书把行列式的内容放在了最后讲解，开辟了一条理解线性算子结构的新途径。书中还对一些术语、结论、证明思路、提及的数学家做了注释，增加了行文的趣味性，便于读者掌握核心概念和思想方法。
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics Series editors: Sheldon axler San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, USA Kenneth ribet University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Advisory board Colin Adams, Williams College, williamstown, MA, USA Alejandro Adem, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, bC, canada Ruth Charney, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA Irene M. Gamba, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA Roger E. Howe, Yale university, New Haven, CT, USA David Jerison, Massachusetts institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Jeffrey C. Lagarias, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI, USA Jill Pipher, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Fadil Santosa, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA Amie wilkinson, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics are generally aimed at third-and fourth year undergraduate mathematics students at North American universities. These texts strive to provide students and teachers with new perspectives and novel approaches. The books include motivation that guides the reader to an appreciation of interrelations among different aspects of the subject. They feature examples that llustrate key concepts as well as exercises that strengthen understanding For further volumes. http://www.springer.com/series/666 Sheldon axler Linear Algebra Done right Third edition ② springer Sheldon axler Department of Mathematics San francisco state University San francisco, CA. USA ISSN0172-6056 issn 2197-5604(electronic ISBN978-3-319-110790 ISBN978-3-319-11080-6( eBook) DOI10.10071978-3-319-11080-6 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014954079 Mathematics Subject Classification(2010): 15-01, 15A03, 15A04, 15A15, 15A18, 15A21 C Springer International Publishing 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation computer software or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through Rightslink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of lblication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Typeset by the author in LaTeX Cover figure: For a statement of Apollonius's Identity and its connection to linear algebra, see the last exercise in section 6.a Printed on acid-free paper SpringerispartofSpringersCience+businessMedia(www.springer.com) Contents Preface for the Instructor xi Preface for the student Xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Vector Spaces 1 1.A R" and cn 2 Complex numbers 2 Lists 5 Digression on fields 10 Exercises 1.A 11 1.B Definition of Vector Space 12 Exercises 1B 17 1. C Subspaces 18 Sums of Subspaces 20 Direct sums 21 Exercises 1. c 24 2 Finite-Dimensional vector Spaces 27 2.a Span and linear Independence 28 Linear Combinations and Span 28 Linear Independence 32 Exercises 2.A 37 Contents 2.B Bases 39 Exercises 2.B 43 2. C Dimension 44 Exercises 2.C 48 3 Linear Maps 51 3. A The Vector Space of Linear Maps 52 Definition and Examples of Linear Maps 52 Algebraic Operations on L(V, w) 55 Exercises 3.A 57 3.B Null Spaces and ranges 59 Null Space and Injectivity 59 Range and surjectivity 61 Fundamental Theorem of Linear Maps 63 Exercises 3. b 67 3.c Matrices 70 Representing a linear Map by a matrix 70 Addition and Scalar Multiplication of Matrices 72 Matrix Multiplication 74 Exercises 3 C 78 3.D Invertibility and Isomorphic Vector Spaces 80 Invertible Linear maps 80 Isomorphic vector Spaces 82 Linear Maps Thought of as Matrix Multiplication 84 Operators 86 Exercises 3. d 88 3.E Products and Quotients of Vector Spaces 91 Products of Vector Spaces 91 Products and direct sums 93 Quotients of Vector Spaces 94 Exercises 3.E 98 Contents 3.F Duality 101 The Dual Space and the Dual Map 101 The Null Space and Range of the Dual of a Linear Map 104 The Matrix of the Dual of a Linear Map 109 The Rank of a matrix 111 Exercises 3F 113 4 Polynomials 117 Complex Conjugate and Absolute Value 118 Uniqueness of Coefficients for Polynomials 120 The Division Algorithm for Polynomials 121 Zeros of polynomials 122 Factorization of polynomials over C 123 Factorization of polynomials overR 126 Exercises 4 129 5 Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Invariant Subspaces 131 5.A Invariant Subspaces 132 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 133 Restriction and Quotient Operators 137 Exercises 5.A 138 5. B Eigenvectors and Upper-Triangular Matrices 143 Polynomials Applied to Operators 143 Existence of Eigenvalues 145 Upper-Triangular Matrices 146 Exercises 5.B 153 5.C Eigenspaces and Diagonal matrices 155 Exercises 5C 160 6 Inner Product Spaces 163 6.A Inner products and norms 164 Inner products 164 Norms 168 Exercises 6A 175 iii Contents 6.B Orthonormal bases 180 Linear Functionals on Inner Product Spaces 187 Exercises 6.B 189 6.C Orthogonal Complements and minimization Problems 193 Orthogonal Complements 193 Minimization problems 198 Exercises 6.C 201 7 Operators on Inner Product Spaces 203 7.A Self-Adjoint and Normal Operators 204 Adjoints 204 Self-Adjoint Operators 209 Normal operators 212 Exercises 7.A 214 7. B The Spectral Theorem 217 The Complex spectral Theorem 217 The Real Spectral Theorem 219 Exercises 7. b 223 7. C Positive Operators and Isometries 225 Positive Operators 225 Isometries 228 Exercises 7 c 231 7. D Polar Decomposition and singular value decomposition 233 Polar Decomposition 233 Singular value decomposition 236 Exercises 7D 238 8 Operators on Complex vector spaces 241 8.A Generalized Eigenvectors and Nilpotent Operators 242 Null spaces of powers of an Operator 242 Generalized eigenvectors 244 Nilpotent Operators 248 exercises 8.A 249 Contents 8.B Decomposition of an Operator 252 Description of Operators on Complex Vector Spaces 252 Multiplicity of an eigenvalue 254 Block diagonal matrices 255 quare Roots 258 exercises 8.B 259 8.C Characteristic and minimal polynomials 261 The Cayley-Hamilton Theorem 261 The Minimal Polynomial 262 exercises 8.C 267 8d Jordan form 270 exercises 8D 274 9 Operators on Real vector spaces 275 9.A Complexification 276 Complexification of a Vector Space 276 Complexification of an Operator 277 The Minimal Polynomial of the Complexification 279 Eigenvalues of the Complexification 280 Characteristic Polynomial of the Complexification 283 Exercises 9.A 285 9. B Operators on Real Inner Product Spaces 287 Normal Operators on Real Inner product Spaces 287 Isometries on Real Inner product Spaces 292 Exercises 9.B 294 10 Trace and Determinant 295 10.A Trace 296 Change of basis 296 Trace: A Connection Between Operators and matrices 299 Exercises 10.A 304