4
Relationships with other Formalisms
Ulrike Sattler
Diego Calvanese
Ralf Molitor
Abstract
In this chapter, we are concerned with the relationship between Description Log-
ics and other formalisms, regardless of whether they were designed for knowledge
representation issues or not. We concentrated on those representation formalisms
that either (1) had or have a strong influence on Description Logics (e.g., modal
logics), (2) are closely related to Description Logics for historical reasons (e.g., se-
mantic networks and structured inheritance networks), or (3) have similar expressive
power (e.g., semantic data models). There are far more knowledge representation
formalisms than those mentioned in this section. For example, “verb-centered”
graphical formalisms like those introduced by Simmons
[
1973
]
are not mentioned
since we believe that their relationship with Description Logics is too weak.
4.1 AI knowledge representation formalisms
In artificial intelligence (AI), various “non-logical” knowledge representation for-
malisms were developed, motivated by the belief that classical logic is inadequate
for knowledge representation in AI applications. This belief was mainly based upon
cognitive experiments carried out with human beings and the wish to have repre-
sentational formalisms that are close to the representations in human brains. In this
Section, we will discuss some of these formalisms, namely semantic networks, frame
systems, and conceptual graphs. The first two formalisms are mainly presented for
historical reasons since they can be regarded as ancestors of Description Logics. In
contrast, the third formalism can be regarded as a “sibling” of Description Logics
since both have similar ancestors and live in the same time.
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