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IMAGING WITH
SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
EPFL Press
A Swiss academic publisher distributed by CRC Press
Engineering Sciences
IMAGING WITH
SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR
Didier Massonnet & Jean-Claude Souyris
Electrical Engineering
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
is an imprint owned by Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, a
Swiss academic publishing company whose main purpose is to publish the
teaching and research works of the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne.
Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes
EPFL – Centre Midi
Post office box 119
CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
E-Mail: ppur@epfl.ch
Phone : 021 / 693 21 30
Fax: 021/ 693 40 27
www.epflpress.org
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
ISBN 978-2-940222-15-5 (EPFL Press)
ISBN 978-0-8493-8239-0 (CRC Press)
Printed in the USA
All right reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part
of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprint, microfilm, or any
other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without
written permission from the publisher.
Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300,
Boca Raton, FL 33487
Distribution and Customer Service
orders@crcpress.com
www.crcpress.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
This book is published under the editorial direction
of Professor Olivier Martin (EPFL).
Previously published in this Series:
Power Semiconductors
Stefan Linder
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
Acknowledgements
This book is built on radar imaging activities conducted at the Centre National d’Etudes
Spatiales (CNES), Centre de Toulouse, between 1986 and 2007. We gratefully ack-
nowledge for their support two former directors of CNES, Michel Courtois for having
encouraged us to undertake the writing of a comprehensive book on SAR imaging, and
Pierre Moskwa for his support during the last steps of this project.
SAR images, whether airborne or spaceborne, are the core of this book. We thank
the Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Deutsche
Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), the European Space Agency (ESA), the
Japanese Space Agency (JAXA), the Jet propulsion Laboratory (JPL), the National
Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA),the NPO Mashinostroyeniye company
the Office National des Etudes Aérospatiales (ONERA), for allowing us to use some
of their results. We also wish to acknowledge the efforts of several colleagues and
friends who supported this work in a variety of ways. While this is undoubtedly not a
complete list, this book would be unfinished and inaccurate without the help Thierry
Amiot, Pierre Borderies, Jérôme Bruniquel, Professor Paul-François Combes, Bruno
Cugny, Pascale Dubois-Fernandez, Pierre-Louis Frison, Thuy Le Toan, Jon Sen Lee,
Henri-José Mametsa, Philippe Marchal, Anjali Mathur, Professor Eric Pottier, Nadine
Pourthié and her trainees, as well as Céline Tison, Ridha Touzi and Hélène Vadon.
The writing of this book progressed in a irregular fashion. We warmly thank
Daniel Rosenfeld for having expressed keen interest in our project at a key moment of
its conception, and having given the suggestion to publish with the EPFL Press. We
also wish to thank our publisher Frederick Fenter from the EPFL Press, for his patience
and support.
We thank our translators from the Coup de Puce company in Toulouse, especially
Ian Margo and Gayle Trager Berthias, who spent a lot of time and extra-time in trans-
forming our ‘flowery’ French into straightforward English. Last but not least, we have
to thank an anonymous reviewer, who has greatly contributed to improve the quality
of this work.
Jean-Claude Souyris and Didier Massonnet
March 2008
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
Preface
Why would anyone write yet another book about radar imaging? Although the field
is relatively specialised and little known to the general public, there is already a lot of
high quality literature available. We in fact have excellent reasons to do so.
The first is that the situation has changed due to newtechniques and recent projects:
the availability of data from new and efficient space and airborne systems since the
1990s has led to rapid technical progress. These new techniques have also been boosted
by incredible progress in computing, which over the same period has allowed for both
easier and cheaper calculations for radar studies. The kind of processing that used
to require days of computation and an entire computer centre can now be done by
anybody on a desktop PC. This has radically changed both data processing possibilities
and the choice of algorithms. Our second reason was that we wanted to describe radar-
imaging techniques from a different viewpoint. Because there are so many different
technical fields in which radar techniques are used, there is a correspondingly wide
range of approaches. Specialists who have come to radar imaging with a background
in electromagnetic signal processing techniques are likely to prefer a purely formal
approach. Specialists in the use of radar images will see it as being derived from
real aperture radar. Specialists in other kinds of image processing such as optical
imaging or seismic tomography might prefer different approaches yet again. Our
intention in this book is to maintain as geometrical an approach as possible to radar
imaging. There are several different reasons for this. We believe that geometry enables
us to use a more universal language than any of the specialised approaches that we
have mentioned above. Although the geometrical approach may often seem naive,
it nonetheless remains very precise. We thus see it as the simplest possible way of
approaching the subject without sidestepping any of the difficulties and complexities
inherent in radar imaging. Lastly, the geometrical results produced by radar make
for the most spectacular applications. The most practical way of approaching this
technique is therefore directly via those aspects which enable the widest range of radar
imagery applications.
We have always noticed that our fellow radar specialists are particularly enthu-
siastic about their work. No one who has been involved with radar processing can ever
quite leave it behind, despite any change in career. Of course, attempts to explain this
must necessarily be partly arbitrary and personal. We believe however that this invol-
© 2008, First edition, EPFL Press
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