Photography (Niepps, 1826; Daguerre, 1836 year, W. F. Talbot, 1844.
First public report was presented by F. Arago, 19.8.1839 at a meeting of
L’Institut, Paris, France)
In the 19-th century, scientists began to explore ways of “fixing” the image thrown by
a glass lens. (H. Nieps, 1826; J. Daguerr, 1836; W. F. Talbot, 1844)
The first method of light writing was developed by the French commercial
artist Louis Jacque Mande Daguerre (1787-1851). The daguerrotype was made on a
shhet of silver-plated coper, which could be inked and then printed to produce
accurate reproduction of original works or scenes. The surface of the copper was
polished to a mirrorlike brilliance, then rendered light sensitive by treament with
iodine fumes. The copper plate was then exposed to an image sharply focused by the
camera’s well-ground, optically correct lens. The plate was removed from the camera
and treated with mercury vapors to develop the latent image. Finally, the image was
fixed by removal of the remaining photosensitive salts in a bath of hyposulfite and
toned with gold chloride to improve contrast and durability. Color, made of powdered
pigment, was applied directly to the metal surface with a finely pointed brush.
Daguerre’s attempt to sell his process (the daguerreotype) through licensing
was not successful, but he found an enthusiastic supporter in Francois Arago, an
eminent member of the Academie des Sciences in France. Arago recommended that
the French government compensate Daguerre for his considerable efforts, so that the
daguerreotype process could be placed at the service of the entire world. The French
government complied, and the process was widely publicized by F. Arago, 19.8.1839
at a meeting of L’Institut, Paris on August 19, 1839, as a gift to the world from
France.
Astronomers were among the first to employ the new imaging techniques. In
1839-1840, John W. Draper, professor of chemistry at New York University, made
first photographs the moon in first application of daguerreotypes in astronomy. The
photoheliograph, a device for taking telescopic photographs of the sun, was unveiled
in 1854.
In 1840 optical means used to reduce daguerreotype exposure times to 3-5
min. In 1841 William Henry Fox Talbot patents a new process involving creation of
paper negatives. By the end of 19-th century, photography had become an important
means for scientific research and also a commercial item that entered people every
day life. It has been keeping this status till very recently.
Invention of photography (combination of imaging optics + photo sensitive
material) was a revolutionary step. Image formation and image display were
separated. Photographic plate/film combines three basic imaging functions: image
recording, image storage and image display
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