Oracle® Spatial
User’s Guide and Reference
10g Release 2 (10.2)
B14255-01
June 2005
Provides usage and reference information for indexing and
storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications
using Oracle Spatial and Oracle Locator.
Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference, 10g Release 2 (10.2)
B14255-01
Copyright © 1999, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Chuck Murray
Contributors: Dan Abugov, Nicole Alexander, Bruce Blackwell, Janet Blowney, Dan Geringer, Albert
Godfrind, Mike Horhammer, Ravi Kothuri, Richard Pitts, Vishal Rao, Siva Ravada, Jack Wang, Ji Yang
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Contents
Send Us Your Comments ...................................................................................................................... xix
Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Audience..................................................................................................................................................... xxi
Documentation Accessibility.................................................................................................................. xxii
Organization ............................................................................................................................................. xxii
Technologies Released Separately ........................................................................................................ xxiv
Related Documentation.......................................................................................................................... xxiv
Conventions ............................................................................................................................................. xxv
What’s New in Oracle Spatial?......................................................................................................... xxvii
Coordinate System Support Based on EPSG Model ......................................................................... xxvii
New SDO_GEOMETRY Methods and Constructors....................................................................... xxviii
New min_resolution and max_resolution Keywords...................................................................... xxviii
New sdo_dml_batch_size Parameter ................................................................................................... xxix
New Geocoding Subprograms.............................................................................................................. xxix
New Utility Subprograms...................................................................................................................... xxix
U.S. National Grid Support.................................................................................................................... xxx
Unknown and NaC Coordinate Reference Systems .......................................................................... xxx
Spatial Routing Engine........................................................................................................................... xxx
Part I Conceptual and Usage Information
1 Spatial Concepts
1.1 What Is Oracle Spatial? .............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.2 Object-Relational Model ............................................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 Introduction to Spatial Data ...................................................................................................... 1-3
1.4 Geometry Types.......................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.5 Data Model................................................................................................................................... 1-4
1.5.1 Element.................................................................................................................................. 1-4
1.5.2 Geometry............................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.5.3 Layer...................................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.5.4 Coordinate System............................................................................................................... 1-5
1.5.5 Tolerance............................................................................................................................... 1-6
1.5.5.1 Tolerance in the Geometry Metadata for a Layer.................................................... 1-7
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1.5.5.2 Tolerance as an Input Parameter................................................................................ 1-7
1.6 Query Model................................................................................................................................ 1-8
1.7 Indexing of Spatial Data............................................................................................................. 1-9
1.7.1 R-Tree Indexing.................................................................................................................... 1-9
1.7.2 R-Tree Quality................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.8 Spatial Relationships and Filtering ....................................................................................... 1-11
1.9 Spatial Operators, Procedures, and Functions .................................................................... 1-13
1.10 Spatial Aggregate Functions .................................................................................................. 1-14
1.10.1 SDOAGGRTYPE Object Type......................................................................................... 1-14
1.11 Geocoding ................................................................................................................................. 1-15
1.12 Spatial Java Application Programming Interface ............................................................... 1-15
1.13 MDDATA Schema ................................................................................................................... 1-16
1.14 Performance and Tuning Information.................................................................................. 1-16
1.15 Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Conformance........................................................... 1-16
1.16 Spatial Release (Version) Number......................................................................................... 1-16
1.17 Spatial Application Hardware Requirement Considerations ........................................... 1-17
1.18 Spatial Error Messages............................................................................................................ 1-17
1.19 Spatial Examples ...................................................................................................................... 1-17
1.20 README File for Spatial and Related Features.................................................................. 1-18
2 Spatial Data Types and Metadata
2.1 Simple Example: Inserting, Indexing, and Querying Spatial Data...................................... 2-1
2.2 SDO_GEOMETRY Object Type ................................................................................................ 2-5
2.2.1 SDO_GTYPE......................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.2 SDO_SRID............................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.2.3 SDO_POINT ......................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.4 SDO_ELEM_INFO............................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.5 SDO_ORDINATES ........................................................................................................... 2-10
2.2.6 Usage Considerations ...................................................................................................... 2-11
2.3 SDO_GEOMETRY Methods................................................................................................... 2-11
2.4 SDO_GEOMETRY Constructors............................................................................................ 2-13
2.5 Geometry Examples................................................................................................................. 2-14
2.5.1 Rectangle............................................................................................................................ 2-14
2.5.2 Polygon with a Hole......................................................................................................... 2-15
2.5.3 Compound Line String .................................................................................................... 2-17
2.5.4 Compound Polygon ......................................................................................................... 2-19
2.5.5 Point.................................................................................................................................... 2-20
2.5.6 Oriented Point................................................................................................................... 2-21
2.5.7 Type 0 (Zero) Element...................................................................................................... 2-23
2.5.8 Several Geometry Types.................................................................................................. 2-25
2.6 Geometry Metadata Views..................................................................................................... 2-29
2.6.1 TABLE_NAME.................................................................................................................. 2-30
2.6.2 COLUMN_NAME............................................................................................................ 2-30
2.6.3 DIMINFO........................................................................................................................... 2-30
2.6.4 SRID.................................................................................................................................... 2-31
2.7 Spatial Index-Related Structures ........................................................................................... 2-31
2.7.1 Spatial Index Views.......................................................................................................... 2-31
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2.7.1.1 xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views............................................................................... 2-31
2.7.1.2 xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views................................................................. 2-32
2.7.2 Spatial Index Table Definition ........................................................................................ 2-34
2.7.3 R-Tree Index Sequence Object ........................................................................................ 2-34
2.8 Unit of Measurement Support ............................................................................................... 2-35
3 Loading Spatial Data
3.1 Bulk Loading .............................................................................................................................. 3-1
3.1.1 Bulk Loading SDO_GEOMETRY Objects ........................................................................ 3-1
3.1.2 Bulk Loading Point-Only Data in SDO_GEOMETRY Objects...................................... 3-3
3.2 Transactional Insert Operations Using SQL ........................................................................... 3-3
4 Indexing and Querying Spatial Data
4.1 Creating a Spatial Index............................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.1 Indexing Geodetic Data ...................................................................................................... 4-2
4.1.2 Constraining Data to a Geometry Type............................................................................ 4-2
4.1.3 Creating a Cross-Schema Index......................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.4 Using Partitioned Spatial Indexes..................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.5 Exchanging Partitions Including Indexes ........................................................................ 4-5
4.1.6 Export and Import Considerations with Spatial Indexes and Data ............................. 4-5
4.2 Querying Spatial Data................................................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.1 Spatial Query........................................................................................................................ 4-6
4.2.1.1 Primary Filter Operator............................................................................................... 4-7
4.2.1.2 Primary and Secondary Filter Operator.................................................................... 4-8
4.2.1.3 Within-Distance Operator........................................................................................... 4-9
4.2.1.4 Nearest Neighbor Operator ..................................................................................... 4-10
4.2.1.5 Spatial Functions........................................................................................................ 4-11
4.2.2 Spatial Join ......................................................................................................................... 4-11
4.2.3 Cross-Schema Operator Invocation ............................................................................... 4-12
5 Geocoding Address Data
5.1 Concepts for Geocoding............................................................................................................. 5-1
5.1.1 Address Representation...................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.2 Match Modes........................................................................................................................ 5-2
5.1.3 Match Codes......................................................................................................................... 5-3
5.1.4 Error Messages for Output Geocoded Addresses .......................................................... 5-4
5.2 Data Types for Geocoding......................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.1 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type ..................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.2 SDO_ADDR_ARRAY Type................................................................................................ 5-7
5.2.3 SDO_KEYWORDARRAY Type......................................................................................... 5-7
5.3 Using the Geocoding Capabilities............................................................................................ 5-7
5.4 Geocoding from a Place Name.................................................................................................. 5-8
5.5 Data Structures for Geocoding.................................................................................................. 5-9
5.5.1 GC_AREA_<suffix> Table .............................................................................................. 5-10
5.5.2 GC_COUNTRY_PROFILE Table.................................................................................... 5-11
5.5.3 GC_INTERSECTION_<suffix> Table............................................................................ 5-13
