There is an explosion of technologies to communicate with mobile and occasionally-connected devices and sensors. Wireless networking (WiFi), cellular telephone (GSM), packet radio, radio frequency identifiers (RFID), smart personal object technology (SPOT), global positioning systems (GPS), and sensor networks are already with us. Many completely new communication innovations are on the horizon. These technologies enable new applications. They allow mobile users to query their environment and they allow applications to monitor and track remote objects. People can ask about nearby services – for example a restaurant, and how to get there from here. Police, hospital, and taxi dispatchers can send the closest vehicle to where it is needed. Conversely, monitoring systems can track the flow of goods and monitor environmental parameters. Railroads, airfreight, wholesalers, retailers, and other transportation industries can track goods from their source to their final destination on the retail shelf. Environmental systems can monitor air quality, noise, streamflow, and other environmental parameters.
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