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Oracle8i_9i数据库基础

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Oracle8i/9i

数据库基础

(初稿)

赵元杰

2003 年 01 月 4 日

                                      目            录
第一部分 Oracle SQL*PLUS 基础...................................................................................................23
第一章 Oracle 数据库基础................................................................................................................23
§1.1 理解关系数据库系统（RDBMS）..................................................................................23
§1.1.1 关系模型..................................................................................................................23
§1.1.2 Codd 十二法则........................................................................................................24
§1.2 关系数据库系统（RDBMS）的组成..............................................................................24
§1.2.1 RDBMS 内核...........................................................................................................25
§1.2.2 数据字典概念..........................................................................................................25
§1.3 SQL、SQL*Plus 及 PL/SQL.............................................................................................25
§1.3.1 SQL 和 SQL*PLUS 的差别....................................................................................25
§1.3.2 PL/SQL 语言...........................................................................................................27
§1.4 登录到 SQL*PLUS............................................................................................................27
§1.4.1 UNIX 环境...............................................................................................................28
§1.4.2 Windows NT 和 WINDOWS/2000 环境................................................................30
§1.5 常用 SQL*PLUS 附加命令简介.......................................................................................32
§1.5.1 登录到 SQL*PLUS.................................................................................................32
§1.5.2 EXIT 和 QUIT.........................................................................................................33
§1.5.3 DESCRIBE(显示表、视图结构)...........................................................................33
§1.5.4 LIST(列出)命令......................................................................................................34
§1.5.5 Change(替换字符串)命令......................................................................................34
§1.5.6 Append（追加字符串）命令.................................................................................35
§1.5.7 Save 保存当前缓冲区命令到文件.........................................................................36
§1.5.8 GET 将命令文件读到缓冲区.................................................................................36
§1.5.9 SPOOL 将信息记录到文件中................................................................................36
§1.5.10 再运行当前缓冲区的命令...................................................................................37
§1.6 常用数据字典简介.............................................................................................................38
§1.7 ORACLE 数据类型............................................................................................................39
§1.8 SQL 语句基础....................................................................................................................45
§1.8.1 SQL 语句所用符号.................................................................................................45
§1.8.2 简单 select 查询.......................................................................................................47
§1.9 伪列及伪表.........................................................................................................................47
§1.10 使用 SQL Worksheet 工作...............................................................................................48
第二章 查询基础................................................................................................................................52
§2.1 SELECT 语句.....................................................................................................................52
§2.2 SQL 中的单记录函数........................................................................................................52
§2.2.1 单记录字符函数.....................................................................................................53
§2.2.2 单记录数字函数.....................................................................................................58
§2.2.3 单记录日期函数.....................................................................................................64
§2.2.4 单记录转换函数.....................................................................................................67
§2.2.5 其它的单记录函数.................................................................................................71
§2.3 SQL 中的组函数................................................................................................................76
3

§2.3.1 多记录组函数..........................................................................................................76

§2.3.2 带 GROUP BY 的计算...........................................................................................77

§2.3.3 用 HAVING 来限制分组的计算............................................................................78

§2.4 控制和格式化输出.............................................................................................................79

§2.4.1 用 ORDER BY 子句来对结果进行排序...............................................................79

§2.4.2 用 BREAK 命令来对结果进行排列....................................................................79

§2.4.3 用 COMPUTE 命令对结果进行格式化................................................................82

§2.5 配置会话环境.....................................................................................................................85

§2.5.1 ARRAYSIZE（取回的行数）...............................................................................86

§2.5.2 AUTOCOMMIT(自动提交)...................................................................................86

§2.5.3 LINESIZE(行显示宽度).........................................................................................86

§2.5.4 LONG(长类型显示字节数)....................................................................................86

§2.5.5 PAGESIZE(页行数)................................................................................................87

§2.5.6 PAUSE(暂停)...........................................................................................................87

§2.5.7 SPACE(列间空格)...................................................................................................87

§2.5.8 Termout (启/停屏幕显示).......................................................................................87

§2.5.9 ECHO (启/停命令显示)..........................................................................................88

§2.5.10 TRANSACTION (启动事务)...............................................................................88

§2.5.11 SHOW ALL(列出所有参数).................................................................................88

§2.6 格式化输出.........................................................................................................................90

§2.6.1 一般数据的格式化输出.........................................................................................90

§2.6.2 日期的格式化输出.................................................................................................92

§2.7 加标题.................................................................................................................................93

§2.8 建立简单报告.....................................................................................................................93

§2.9 输入变量.............................................................................................................................95

第三章表及索引的定义操作...........................................................................................................98

§3.1 建立表结构.........................................................................................................................98

§3.1.1 建立表结构命令.....................................................................................................98

§3.1.2 建立表结构例子...................................................................................................100

§3.1.3 建立临时表结构...................................................................................................101

§3.3 修改表结构.......................................................................................................................102

§3.3.1 修改表结构命令...................................................................................................103

§3.3.2 修改表结构例子...................................................................................................103

§3.3.3 删除表结构............................................................................................................105

§3.3.4 使用 CHECK 作限制约束....................................................................................106

§3.3.5 使用 UNRECOVERABLE 创建表.......................................................................106

§3.3.6 将表移动到新的数据段或新的表空间...............................................................107

§3.3.7 手工分配表的存储空间.......................................................................................108

§3.3.8 标记不使用的列和删除不使用的列...................................................................109

§3.3 主键...................................................................................................................................111

§3.3.1 创建主键................................................................................................................111

§3.3.2 改变主键................................................................................................................113

§3.3.3 删除主键................................................................................................................114

§3.4 外部键...............................................................................................................................114

§3.4.1 建立外部键............................................................................................................115

§3.4.2 修改外部键............................................................................................................117

§3.4.3 删除外部键............................................................................................................117

§3.5 索引...................................................................................................................................117

§3.5.1 建立索引................................................................................................................117

§3.5.2 修改索引................................................................................................................119

§3.5.3 删除索引................................................................................................................120

§3.6 新索引类型.......................................................................................................................120

§3.6.1 基于函数的索引...................................................................................................120

§3.6.2 反向键索引............................................................................................................122

§3.6.3 索引组织表............................................................................................................122

§3.7 抽象数据类型的使用......................................................................................................124

§3.8 大数据类型的使用...........................................................................................................125

§3.8.1 可用数据类型.......................................................................................................125

§3.8.2 为 LOB 数据类型指定存储..................................................................................125

§3.8.3 操作和检索 LOB 数据..........................................................................................127

§3.9 表和索引有关的数据字典..............................................................................................130

§3.9.1 表和索引数据字典...............................................................................................130

§3.9.2 数据字典查询例子...............................................................................................130

第四章视图、同义词和序列.........................................................................................................134

§4.1 视图...................................................................................................................................134

§4.1.1 使用视图来修改表中数据...................................................................................134

§4.1.2 创建一个新视图...................................................................................................134

§4.1.3 删除一个视图.......................................................................................................136

§4.1.4 改变视图................................................................................................................137

§4.2 实体视图(MATERIALIZED VIEW)...............................................................................137

§4.2.1 创建实体视图.......................................................................................................137

§4.2.2 创建实体视图日志...............................................................................................144

§4.2.3 修改实体视图.......................................................................................................145

§4.2.4 修改实体视图日志...............................................................................................147

§4.2.5 实体视图完整例子...............................................................................................148

§4.3 序号(sequence).................................................................................................................152

§4.3.1 建立序号................................................................................................................152

§4.3.2 修改序号................................................................................................................153

§4.3.3 使用序号................................................................................................................154

§4.3.4 删除序号................................................................................................................154

§4.4 同义词...............................................................................................................................154

§4.4.1 建立同义词............................................................................................................155

§4.4.2 删除同义词............................................................................................................156

§4.5 视图、同义词和序列有关的数据字典..........................................................................156

第五章簇与分区..............................................................................................................................157

§5.1 簇( cluster ).......................................................................................................................157

§5.1.0 簇概念....................................................................................................................157

§5.1.1 建立簇....................................................................................................................159

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