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oxford english for electrical and mechanical engineering-part2

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Racing bicycle

Chris Boardman in the

1992

Olympics

Tuning-in

Task

Label this diagram

a bicycle with these terms.

pedals chain chain-wheel

seat gears brakes

handlebars frame toe-clips

Fig.

Task

Check your answers by listening to this description.

Task

Compare Fig.

(below) with the bicycle shown in Fig.

and

Task

What

differences can you note? Write your answers in this table.

Conventional

(Fig.

Improvement

(Fig.

Spoked wheels

Gear lever on the frame

Tubular aluminium-alloy frame

Pedals with toe-clips

Steel gears

Ordinary handlebars

Liahtweiaht frame made from

a~icrah giaoe aluminium alloy.

composite

such

carbon fibre.

or die-cast

alumlnmum. The frame

Aerodvnamic handlebars.

These

also reduce

~~~

~~~~~

the rider's wind resistance without

reducing

by too much the power that can oe applied

to the pedals.

They are called

'triathlon'

bars

shown is a low profile machine.

because they were deve,opeo by a

wnicn decreases the

wlno

rofessional American triatnlete. Dave Scon.

resistance experienced by the rider.

hey became ~o~ular with racina cvclists

aftei Gre LeMond used them wheri he won

the

1989qourde France.

Fig.

Task

Check your answers to Task

in column

opposite. Then study Fig.

again

to find reasons for each improvement.

Improvement Reason

Disc wheels

Combined gear change and brake

levers

Carbon fibre frame

Clipless pedals

Precision-engineered

aluminium-

alloy or titanium gears

Aerodynamic handlebars

Reading

Prediction

Task

Study this extract from the text you are going to read.

Bicycles, and especially racing bicycles, have much in common

with aircraft:

What similarities between racing bicycles and aircraft do you think the text win

cover? Note your predictions.

Task

Read this text to check your answers to Task

, ,

,'.

&*-

The standard design of the bicycle has been in existence for about

100

years. But in the past

years there have been more changes

than during any other decade.

Bicycles, and especially racing bicycles, have much in common

with aircraft: both are designed to minimize wind resistance,

maximize energy efficiency, respond instantly to the demands

placed on them, yet weigh very little without losing strength. So,

much of the technology used in aerospace has found its way into

racing bicycles.

The heart of the bicycle is its frame.

must be strong, light, flexible

enough to absorb bumps, but not so much

tbat

itwastes the enerav

the rider transmits by pedalling.

Bicycle frame designers share many aims with aircraft engineers,

who must design wings which are strong, light, aerodynamic, and

efficient at converting engine power into lift.

Yet

the wings must be

flexible enough to absorb turbulence without wasting the engine's

thrust. Therefore, the modern bicycle frame and aircraft wing share

both materials and design features. Many racing bicycle frames

which consist of tubes joined together are made from aluminium

alloys similar to those used in aviation. The French company, Vitus,

)

glues the tubes together using the same techniques as those used

*..a...~

for connecting aircraft components.

.*&

In recent years, aircraft manufacturers such as Boeing have been

experimenting with composite materials like Cheval and carbon

-5

fibres. It is no surprise that some racing bicycleframesare now

manufactured from the same materials.

{%.

Perhaps the most innovative frame to date

constructed from die*,,;

cast magnesium alloy. Its designer, Frank Kirk, formerly worked

inh

Language study

Describing reasons

We can describe the reasons for an improvement or design change in a number

of ways. Study this example:

Improvement/Design change Reason

Disc wheels

Reduce wind resistance.

How many ways do you know to link an improvement and the reason for

it;

Try

to complete this sentence by adding the reason given.

New

racing bicycles have disc wheels

Using

verb is the easiest way to link improvement and reason. For

example:

New racing bicycles have disc wheels

reduce wind resistance.

Another simple way is to use a linking word. You studied this in Unit

For

example:

New racing bicycles have disc wheels

because/since/as

this reduces wind

resistance.

more difficult way is to use

so that

which must be followed by a clause. For

example:

New racing bicycles have disc wheels

that

wind resistance is reduced.

Task

Link each improvement and reason in Task

using the methods given above.

Writing

Describing contrast

In engineering, it is often necessary to compare and contrast different

proposals, solutions to problems, and developments. In this unit we will focus

on contrast -describing differences.

We can show differences in a table like this:

Conventional

Spoked wheels

Gear lever on the frame

Tubular aluminium-alloy frame

Pedals with toe-clips

Steel gears

Ordinary handlebars

Improved bicycle

Disc wheels

Combined gear change and brake levers

Carbon fibre frame

Clipless pedals

Precision-engineered titanium gears

Aerodynamic handlebars

We can describe differences using:

the comparative form of the adjective or adverb. For example:

The new bicycle

is lighter than

the old.

The new bicycle

is more aerodynamic than

the old.

Titanium geurs can be changed

moreeasily.

the connecting words

but/whereus, in contrast.

For example:

On new bicycles the gear and brake lever are combined,

whereas

on old ones, the

gear lever is on the frame.

Old bicycles have spoked wheels.

In contrast,

the new bicycle has disc wheels.

using expressions such as

unlike/d#erentfrom.

For example:

Unlike

the conventional bicycle, the new bicycle has a carbonfibreframe.

The new bicycle is

different from

the conventional one in that the gears ure

made oftitanium.

Note that these expressions assume that the reader is familiar with the

materials used in the conventional bicycle, which are not mentioned.

Task

Describe the differences between a conventional and an improved bicycle

using the information in the table above and appropriate expressions from the

list provided.

Word

study

Properties

materials

Study these examples of adjective and noun pairs for describing the propertien

of materials.

Adjective Noun

flexible flexibility

light lightness

strong strength

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