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Leica Photogrammetry

Suite

Project Manager

User’s Guide

February 2008

Printed in the United States of America.

The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC.

This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions.

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,

including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly

permitted in writing by Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC. All requests should be sent to the attention of:

Manager, Technical Documentation

Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC.

5051 Peachtree Corners Circle

Suite 100

Norcross, GA 30092-2500 USA.

The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.

Government Reserved Rights. MrSID technology incorporated in the Software was developed in part through a

project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, funded by the U.S. Government, managed under contract by the

University of California (University), and is under exclusive commercial license to LizardTech, Inc. It is used under

license from LizardTech. MrSID is protected by U.S. Patent No. 5,710,835. Foreign patents pending. The U.S.

Government and the University have reserved rights in MrSID technology, including without limitation: (a) The U.S.

Government has a non-exclusive, nontransferable, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice or have practiced

throughout the world, for or on behalf of the United States, inventions covered by U.S. Patent No. 5,710,835 and has

other rights under 35 U.S.C. § 200-212 and applicable implementing regulations; (b) If LizardTech's rights in the

MrSID Technology terminate during the term of this Agreeme nt, you may continue to use the Software. Any provisions

of this license which could reasonably be deemed to do so would then protect the University and/or the U.S.

Government; and (c) The University has no obligation to furnish any know-how, technical assistance, or technical data

to users of MrSID software and makes no warranty or representation as to the validity of U.S. Patent 5,710,835 nor

that the MrSID Software will not infringe any patent or other proprietary right. For further information about these

provisions, contact LizardTech, 1008 Western Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104.

ERDAS, ERDAS IMAGINE, IMAGINE OrthoBASE, Stereo Analyst and IMAGINE VirtualGIS are registered trademarks;

IMAGINE OrthoBASE Pro is a trademark of Leica Geosystems Geospatial Imaging, LLC.

SOCET SET is a registered trademark of BAE Systems Mission Solutions.

Other companies and products mentioned herein are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

Table of Contents / iiiLPS Project Manager

Table of Contents

Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Example Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Conventions Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Introduction to LPS Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Using LPS Project Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

LPS Project Manager Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Tour Guide Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Frame Camera Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Digital Camera Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SPOT Pushbroom Sensor Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Appendix Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Batch Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

About LPS Project Manager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Toolbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Keyboard Shortcuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Photogrammetric Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Introduction to Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

What is Photogrammetry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Types of Photographs and Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Why use Photogrammetry? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table of Contents / ivLPS Project Manager

Photogrammetry vs. Conventional Geometric Correction . 19

Single Frame Orthorectification vs. Block Triangulation . . 20

Image and Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Photogrammetric Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Desktop Scanners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Scanning Resolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Terrestrial Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Interior Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Principal Point and Focal Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Fiducial Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Lens Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Exterior Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Rotation Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

The Collinearity Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Photogrammetric Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Space Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Space Forward Intersection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Bundle Block Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Least Squares Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Self-calibrating Bundle Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Automatic Gross Error Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

GCPs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

GCP Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Processing Multiple Strips of Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Tie Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Automatic Tie Point Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Image Matching Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Area-based Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Feature-based Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Relation-based Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Image Pyramid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

LPS Project Manager Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Satellite Photogrammetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

SPOT Interior Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

SPOT Exterior Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Collinearity Equations and Satellite Block Triangulation . . 65

Orthorectification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Cell Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

LPS Project Manager Tour Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Frame Camera Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Create a New Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

LPS Project Manager Table of Contents / v

Prepare the Block File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Select Geometric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Define Block Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Add Imagery to the Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Add Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Compute Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Define the Camera Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Enter Specific Camera Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Add Fiducial Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Measure Fiducials of the Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Enter Exterior Orientation Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Edit the Remaining Images in the Project . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Measure GCPs and Check Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Collect Point ID 1002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Collect Point ID 1003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Set Automatic (x, y) Drive Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100

Collect Point ID 1004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

Collect Point ID 1005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103

Collect Point ID 1006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104

Input Check Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Collect Point ID 2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107

Collect Point ID 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108

Perform Automatic Tie Point Generation . . . . . . . 111

Check Tie Point Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

Perform Aerial Triangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Find Information in the Triangulation Report . . . . . . . .116

Save the Triangulation Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119

Update the Exterior Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120

Ortho Resample the Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

View the Orthoimages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

Display Graphic View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124

Use the Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Magnify Areas of Overlap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

Use the Swipe Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Save and Close the Block File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

Reference Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Digital Camera Tour Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Before You Begin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Create a New Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Prepare the Block File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Select Geometric Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Define Block Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Import Exterior Orientation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Add Imagery to the Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Compute Pyramid Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145

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