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<p><font size="+1"><b>Chapter 7. Scalar Functions and Aggregate Functions</b></font></p>
<p><b>Index</b>: </p>
<ol>
<li><a href="#mathematical ">Mathematical Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#trigonometric">Trigonometric Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#string">String Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#date">Date/Time Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#boolean">Boolean Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#system">System Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#conversion">Conversion Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#security">Security Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#sequence">Sequence Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#miscellaneous">Miscellaneous Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="#aggregate">Aggregate Functions</a></li>
</ol>
<p><A name=mathematical>Mathematical Functions</a></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li>ABS(x): the absolute value</li>
<li>CEIL(x), CEILING(x): the smallest integer that is not less than x</li>
<li>DEGREES(x): converts radians to degrees</li>
<li>EXP(x): exponential, e(2.718...) raised to the power of x</li>
<li>FLOOR(x): the largest integer not greater than argument x</li>
<li>INT(x) : truncates x to nearest integer</li>
<li>LOG(x), LN(x): the natural logarithm</li>
<li>LOG(b,x): returns the logarithm of X for an arbitary base B</li>
<li> LOG10(x): the base 10 logarithm</li>
<li>LOG2(X): the base 2 logarithm</li>
<li>LN(x): the natural logarithm</li>
<li>MOD(y, x): the remainder of y/x, you can use y%x too.</li>
<li>PI(): pi constant, 3.14159265358979323846.</li>
<li>POW(x, y), POWER(x, y): x raised to the power of y</li>
<li>RADIANS(x): converts degrees to radians</li>
<li>RAND([seed]): a random value between 0.0 and 1.0</li>
<li>ROUND(x [,y]): rounds x to nearest integer without y, or round x to y
digits after the decimal point.</li>
<li>SIGN(x): returns -1 if x is smaller than 0, 0 if x==0 and 1 if x is bigger
than 0.</li>
<li>SQRT(x): the square root</li>
<li>TRUNC(x[,y]), TRUNCATE(x[,y]): truncates x to nearest integer without
y, truncates x to y digits after the decimal point</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p><A name=trigonometric>Trigonometric Functions</a></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li>ACOS(x): the inverse cosine of an angle</li>
<li>ASIN(x): the inverse sine of an angle</li>
<li>ATAN(x),ATN(x): the inverse tangent of an angle</li>
<li>ATAN2(x, y): the inverse tangent of x/y</li>
<li>COS(x): the cosine of an angle</li>
<li>COT(x): the cotangent of an angle</li>
<li>SIN(x): the sine of an angle</li>
<li>TAN(x): the tangent of an angle</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<p><A name=string>String Functions</a></p>
<ol>
<ol>
<li>ALLTRIM(string1): removes all leading and trailing blanks in string1</li>
<li>ASC(string1), ASCII(string1): the ASCII code of the leftmost character of the argument</li>
<li>AT(cSearchExpression, cExpressionSearched [, nOccurrence]): returns the
beginning numeric position of the first occurrence of a character expression
or memo field within another character expression or memo field, counting
from the leftmost character. If the character expression isn't found, AT(
) returns 0.</li>
<li>BIN(number1): returns a string representation of the binary value of number1, where number1 is a integer(TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, or BIGINT) number. Returns NULL if N is NULL.<br>
</li>
<li>BIT_LENGTH(string1): the length of the string str in bits<br>
</li>
<li>CHAR_LENGTH(string1), CHARACTER_LENGTH(string1): the number of characters in string1<br>
</li>
<li>CHAR(integer), CHR(integer): a character with the given ASCII code</li>
<li>CHAR(integer1,...): interprets the arguments as integers and returns a string consisting of the characters given by the unicode values of those integers. NULL values are skipped.
</li>
<li>CHRTRAN(cSearchedExpression, cSearchExpression, cReplacementExpression):
Replaces each character in a character expression that matches a character
in a second character expression with the corresponding character in a third
character expression. CHRTRAN( ) translates the character expression cSearchedExpression
using the translation expressions cSearchExpression and cReplacementExpression
and returns the resulting character string. If a character in cSearchExpression
is found in cSearchedExpression, the character in cSearchedExpression is
replaced by a character from cReplacementExpression that's in the same position
in cReplacementExpression as the respective character in cSearchExpression.
If cReplacementExpression has fewer characters than cSearchExpression, the
additional characters in cSearchExpression are deleted from cSearchedExpression.
If cReplacementExpression has more characters than cSearchExpression, the
additional characters in cReplacementExpression are ignored.<br>
</li>
<li>CONCAT(string1, string2): string concatenation, you can use string1+string2
too.</li>
<li>CONCAT(string1, string2,...): returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. NULL values are skipped.</li>
<li>CONCAT_WS(separator,string1, string2,...): returns the string that results from concatenating the arguments. The first argument is the separator for the rest of the arguments. The separator is added between the strings to be concatenated. If the separator is NULL, the result is NULL. The function skips any NULL values after the separator argument.</li>
<li>CONV(number1,base): returns a string representation of the first argument in the
radix specified by the second argument. The minimum base is 2 and the maximum base is 36.</li>
<li>DIFFERENCE(string1, string2): the difference between the sound of string1
and string2</li>
<li>HEX(number1): returns a string representation of the hexadecimal value of number1, where number1 is a integer(TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, or BIGINT) number. Returns NULL if N is NULL.<br>
</li>
<li>INITCAP(string1): converts first letter of each word (whitespace-separated)
to upper case</li>
<li>INSERT(string1, start1, length1, string2): a string where length1 number
of characters beginning at start1 has been replaced by string2</li>
<li>INSTR(string1, string2 [,start1]): the first index (>0:left location,
0:not found) where string2 is found in string1, starting at start1</li>
<li>LCASE(string1): converts string1 to lower case</li>
<li>LEFT(string1, count1): the leftmost count1 of characters of string1</li>
<li>LENGTH(string1), LEN(string1): the number of characters in string1</li>
<li>LOCATE(string1, string2 [,start1]): the first index (>0:left location,
0:not found) where string1 is found in string2, starting at start1</li>
<li>LOWER(string1): converts string1 to lower case</li>
<li>LPAD(string1, length1 [, cPadCharacter]): returns a string from an expression,
padded with character(a space by default) to a specified length on the left.
If the string is already longer than length then it is truncated (on the
right). </li>
<li>LTRIM(string1): removes all leading blanks in string1</li>
<li>MID(string1 FROM start1 [FOR length1]), MID(string1, start1
[,length1]): extracts the substring starting at start1 with length length1. MID is a synonym for SUBSTRING.</li>
<li>OCT(number1): returns a string representation of the octal value of number1, where number1 is a integer(TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, or BIGINT) number. Re
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