斯坦福最新中英文句法分析器附带所有Java源码

Stanford typed dependencies manual

Marie-Catherine de Marneffe and Christopher D. Manning

September 2008

Revised for Stanford Parser v. 1.6.2 in February 2010

1 Introduction

The Stanford typed dependencies representation was designed to provide a simple description

of the grammatical relationships in a sentence that can easily be understood and effectively

used by people without linguistic expertise who want to extract textual relations. In particular,

rather than the phrase structure representations that have long dominated in the computational

Bell, based in Los Angeles, makes and distributes electronic, computer and building

products.

For this sentence, the Stanford Dependencies (SD) representation is:

nsubj(makes-8, Bell-1)

nsubj(distributes-10, Bell-1)

partmod(Bell-1, based-3)

nn(Angeles-6, Los-5)

prep in(based-3, Angeles-6)

conj and(makes-8, distributes-10)

amod(products-16, electronic-11)

This maps straightforwardly onto a directed graph representation, in which words in the

sentence are nodes in the graph and grammatical relations are edge labels. Figure 1 gives the

graph representation for the example sentence above.

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Figure 1: Graphical representation of the Stanford Dependencies for the sentence: Bell, based

in Los Angeles, makes and distributes electronic, computer and building products.

This manual provides documentation about the set of dependencies defined for English.

(There is also a Stanford Dependency representation available for Chinese, but it is not further

discussed here.) The bulk of the manual defines the relations and the taxonomic hierarchy over

them. This is then followed by some details of the software we have for generating Stanford De-

pendencies, a description of the several variant dependency representations suitable in different

contexts, and references to further discussion and use of the SD representation.

abbrev: abbreviation modifier

An abbreviation modifier of an NP is a parenthesized NP that serves to abbreviate the NP (or

to define an abbreviation).

acomp: adjectival complement

An adjectival complement of a VP is an adjectival phrase which functions as the complement

(like an object of the verb); an adjectival complement of a clause is the adjectival complement

of the VP which is the predicate of that clause.

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advcl: adverbial clause modifier

meaning of the word.

agent: agent

An agent is the complement of a passive verb which is introduced by the preposition “by” and

does the action.

amod: adjectival modifier

An adjectival modifier of an NP is any adjectival phrase that serves to modify the meaning of

attr: attributive

An attributive is a WHNP complement of a copular verb such as “to be”, “to seem”, “to appear”.

aux : auxiliary

An auxiliary of a clause is a non-main verb of the clause, e.g. modal auxiliary, “be” and “have”

in a composed tense.

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auxpass: passive auxiliary

A coordination is the relation between an element of a conjunct and the coordinating conjunction

word of the conjunct.

ccomp: clausal complement

A clausal complement of a verb, adjective is a dependent clause with an internal subject which

functions like an object of the verb, or adjective. Clausal complements for nouns are limited

to complement clauses with a subset of nouns like “fact” or “report”. We analyze them the

same (parallel to the analysis of this class as “content clauses” in Huddleston and Pullum

2002). Such clausal complements are usually finite (though there are occasional remnant English

subordinating conjunction “that” or “whether”.

conj : conjunct

A conjunct is the relation between two elements connected by a coordinating conjunction, such

as “and”, “or”, etc. We treat conjunctions asymmetrically: The head of the relation is the first

conjunct and other conjunctions depend on it via the conj relation.

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cop: copula

A copula is the relation between the complement of a copular verb and the copular verb.

csubjpass: clausal passive subject

A clausal passive subject is a clausal syntactic subject of a passive clause. In the example below,

“that she lied” is the subject.

det: determiner

A determiner is the relation between the head of an NP and its determiner.

dobj : direct object

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