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0:Object-Oriented Programming

with [incr Tcl]

0:Building Mega-Widgets

with [incr Tk]

Michael J. McLennan

Bell Labs Innovations for Lucent Technologies

1247 S. Cedar Crest Blvd.

Allentown, PA 18104

mmclennan@lucent.com

ABSTRACT

Applications with short development cycles have the best chance for success in

today’s marketplace. Tcl/Tk provides an interactive development environment

for building Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications with incredible speed.

Tcl/Tk applications look like they were constructed with the Motif toolkit, but

they can be written in a fraction of the time. This is due, in part, to the high-

level programming interface that the Tcl language provides. It is also due to the

interpretive nature of the Tcl language; changes made to a Tcl/Tk application

can be seen immediately, without waiting for the usual compile/link/run cycle.

Developers can prototype new ideas, review them with customers, and deliver a

finished product within a span of several weeks. The finished product will run

on all of the major platforms: Unix, PC Windows, and Macintosh.

But the Tcl language was not designed to support large programming projects.

When Tcl/Tk scripts grow larger than a thousand lines, the code complexity can

be difficult to manage. [INCR TCL] extends the Tcl language to support object-

oriented programming. This allows developers to write high-level building

blocks that are more easily assembled into a finished application. The resulting

code has more encapsulation, and is easier to maintain and extend. [INCR TCL]

is patterned after C++, so for many developers, it is easy to learn.

This memo contains two chapters that will appear in a book published by

O’Reilly and Associates. It provides an overview of [INCR TCL], and shows

how it can be used to support Tcl/Tk applications. It also describes a special

library of base classes called [INCR TK], which can be used to build high-level

user interface components called “mega-widgets”.

Tcl/Tk Tools

This chapter shows how [INCR TCL] can be used to solve common programming

problems. As an example, it shows how a tree data structure can be created and

used to build a file browser. Along the way, it illustrates many important

concepts of object-oriented programming, including encapsulation, inheritance,

and composition.

Objects and Classes

I won’t go on for pages about object-oriented programming. You have prob-

ably read about it in other contexts, and there are some really good texts

†

that

explain it well. But the basic idea is that you create objects as building blocks

for your application. If you are building a kitchen, for example, you might need

objects like toasters, blenders and can openers. If you are building a large

kitchen, you might have many different toasters, but they all have the same char-

acteristics. They all belong to the same class, in this case a class called

Toaster.

Each object has some data associated with it. A toaster might have a certain

heat setting and a crumb tray that collects the crumbs that fall off each time it

toasts bread. Each toaster has its own heat setting and its own crumb count, so

each Toaster object has its own variables to represent these things. In object

speak, these variables are called instance variables or data members. You can

use these instead of global variables to represent your data.

You tell an object to do something using special procedures called methods or

member functions. For example, a Toaster object might have a method called

toast that you use to toast bread, and another method called clean that you use

to clean out the crumb tray. Methods let you define a few strictly limited ways

to access the data in a class, which helps you prevent many errors.

Everything that you need to know about an object is described in its class defini-

tion. The class definition lists the instance variables that hold an object’s data

and the methods that are used to manipulate the object. It acts like a blueprint

for creating objects. Objects themselves are often called instances of the class

that they belong to.

Variables and Methods

Let’s see how objects work in a real-life example. Suppose you want to use the

Tk canvas widget to build a file browser. It might look something like the one

† For example: Grady Booch, Object-Oriented Design, Benjamin/Cummings, 1991; and Timothy

Budd, An Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming, Addison-Wesley, 1991.

剩余117页未读，继续阅读

purplemine

2020-01-16

英文资料, 把Incr的特性说得比较明白的, 重点还是在incr tk上, incr tcl只占一部分

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