1
2
Preface.........................................................................................................................................6
Prefacetothefirstedition...........................................................................................................8
Chapter1-ATutorialIntroduction............................................................................................9
1.1GettingStarted..................................................................................................................9
1.2VariablesandArithmeticExpressions............................................................................11
1.3Theforstatement............................................................................................................15
1.4SymbolicConstants........................................................................................................17
1.5CharacterInputandOutput.............................................................................................17
1.5.1FileCopying.............................................................................................................18
1.5.2CharacterCounting..................................................................................................19
1.5.3LineCounting..........................................................................................................20
1.5.4WordCounting........................................................................................................21
1.6Arrays..............................................................................................................................23
1.7Functions.........................................................................................................................25
1.8Arguments-CallbyValue.............................................................................................28
1.9CharacterArrays.............................................................................................................29
1.10ExternalVariablesandScope.......................................................................................31
Chapter2-Types,OperatorsandExpressions.........................................................................35
2.1VariableNames...............................................................................................................35
2.2DataTypesandSizes......................................................................................................35
2.3Constants.........................................................................................................................36
2.4Declarations....................................................................................................................38
2.5ArithmeticOperators......................................................................................................39
2.6RelationalandLogicalOperators...................................................................................39
2.7TypeConversions...........................................................................................................40
2.8IncrementandDecrementOperators..............................................................................43
2.9BitwiseOperators............................................................................................................45
2.10AssignmentOperatorsandExpressions.......................................................................46
2.11ConditionalExpressions...............................................................................................47
2.12PrecedenceandOrderofEvaluation............................................................................48
Chapter3-ControlFlow..........................................................................................................50
3.1StatementsandBlocks....................................................................................................50
3.2If-Else..............................................................................................................................50
3.3Else-If..............................................................................................................................51
3.4Switch.............................................................................................................................52
3.5Loops-WhileandFor....................................................................................................53
3.6Loops-Do-While...........................................................................................................56
3.7BreakandContinue........................................................................................................57
3.8Gotoandlabels...............................................................................................................57
Chapter4-FunctionsandProgramStructure..........................................................................59
4.1BasicsofFunctions.........................................................................................................59
4.2FunctionsReturningNon-integers..................................................................................62
4.3ExternalVariables...........................................................................................................63
4.4ScopeRules.....................................................................................................................68
4.5HeaderFiles....................................................................................................................69
4.6StaticVariables...............................................................................................................70
4.7RegisterVariables...........................................................................................................71
4.8BlockStructure...............................................................................................................72
4.9Initialization....................................................................................................................72
4.10Recursion......................................................................................................................73
4.11TheCPreprocessor.......................................................................................................74
4.11.1FileInclusion
.........................................................................................................75
4.11.2MacroSubstitution.................................................................................................75
4.11.3ConditionalInclusion.............................................................................................77
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Chapter5-PointersandArrays................................................................................................78
5.1PointersandAddresses...................................................................................................78
5.2PointersandFunctionArguments...................................................................................79
5.3PointersandArrays.........................................................................................................81
5.4AddressArithmetic.........................................................................................................84
5.5CharacterPointersandFunctions...................................................................................87
5.6PointerArrays;PointerstoPointers................................................................................89
5.7Multi-dimensionalArrays...............................................................................................92
5.8InitializationofPointerArrays.......................................................................................93
5.9Pointersvs.Multi-dimensionalArrays...........................................................................94
5.10Command-lineArguments............................................................................................95
5.11PointerstoFunctions....................................................................................................98
5.12ComplicatedDeclarations...........................................................................................100
Chapter6-Structures.............................................................................................................105
6.1BasicsofStructures......................................................................................................105
6.2StructuresandFunctions...............................................................................................107
6.3ArraysofStructures......................................................................................................109
6.4PointerstoStructures....................................................................................................112
6.5Self-referentialStructures.............................................................................................113
6.6TableLookup................................................................................................................117
6.7Typedef.........................................................................................................................119
6.8Unions...........................................................................................................................120
6.9Bit-fields.......................................................................................................................121
Chapter7-InputandOutput..................................................................................................124
7.1StandardInputandOutput............................................................................................124
7.2FormattedOutput-printf..............................................................................................125
7.3Variable-lengthArgumentLists...................................................................................127
7.4FormattedInput-Scanf................................................................................................128
7.5FileAccess....................................................................................................................130
7.6ErrorHandling-StderrandExit...................................................................................132
7.7LineInputandOutput...................................................................................................134
7.8MiscellaneousFunctions...............................................................................................135
7.8.1StringOperations...................................................................................................135
7.8.2CharacterClassTestingandConversion...............................................................135
7.8.3Ungetc....................................................................................................................135
7.8.4CommandExecution..............................................................................................135
7.8.5StorageManagement.............................................................................................136
7.8.6MathematicalFunctions.........................................................................................136
7.8.7RandomNumbergeneration..................................................................................136
Chapter8-TheUNIXSystemInterface................................................................................138
8.1FileDescriptors.............................................................................................................138
8.2LowLevelI/O-ReadandWrite..................................................................................139
8.3Open,Creat,Close,Unlink...........................................................................................140
8.4RandomAccess-Lseek................................................................................................142
8.5Example-AnimplementationofFopenandGetc.......................................................142
8.6Example-ListingDirectories.......................................................................................145
8.7Example-AStorageAllocator.....................................................................................149
AppendixA-ReferenceManual............................................................................................154
A.1Introduction..................................................................................................................154
A.2LexicalConventions....................................................................................................154
A.2.1Tokens...................................................................................................................154
A.2.2Comments
.............................................................................................................154
A.2.3Identifiers..............................................................................................................154
A.2.4Keywords..............................................................................................................154
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A.2.5Constants...............................................................................................................155
A.2.6StringLiterals........................................................................................................156
A.3SyntaxNotation............................................................................................................156
A.4MeaningofIdentifiers..................................................................................................157
A.4.1StorageClass.........................................................................................................157
A.4.2BasicTypes...........................................................................................................157
A.4.3Derivedtypes........................................................................................................158
A.4.4TypeQualifiers.....................................................................................................158
A.5ObjectsandLvalues.....................................................................................................158
A.6Conversions..................................................................................................................159
A.6.1IntegralPromotion................................................................................................159
A.6.2IntegralConversions.............................................................................................159
A.6.3IntegerandFloating..............................................................................................159
A.6.4FloatingTypes......................................................................................................159
A.6.5ArithmeticConversions........................................................................................159
A.6.6PointersandIntegers.............................................................................................160
A.6.7Void.......................................................................................................................161
A.6.8PointerstoVoid....................................................................................................161
A.7Expressions..................................................................................................................161
A.7.1PointerConversion................................................................................................161
A.7.2PrimaryExpressions.............................................................................................161
A.7.3PostfixExpressions...............................................................................................162
A.7.4UnaryOperators....................................................................................................164
A.7.5Casts......................................................................................................................165
A.7.6MultiplicativeOperators.......................................................................................165
A.7.7AdditiveOperators................................................................................................166
A.7.8ShiftOperators......................................................................................................166
A.7.9RelationalOperators.............................................................................................167
A.7.10EqualityOperators..............................................................................................167
A.7.11BitwiseANDOperator.......................................................................................167
A.7.12BitwiseExclusiveOROperator..........................................................................167
A.7.13BitwiseInclusiveOROperator...........................................................................168
A.7.14LogicalANDOperator.......................................................................................168
A.7.15LogicalOROperator...........................................................................................168
A.7.16ConditionalOperator..........................................................................................168
A.7.17AssignmentExpressions.....................................................................................169
A.7.18CommaOperator.................................................................................................169
A.7.19ConstantExpressions..........................................................................................169
A.8Declarations.................................................................................................................170
A.8.1StorageClassSpecifiers........................................................................................170
A.8.2TypeSpecifiers.....................................................................................................171
A.8.3StructureandUnionDeclarations.........................................................................172
A.8.4Enumerations........................................................................................................175
A.8.5Declarators............................................................................................................175
A.8.6MeaningofDeclarators.........................................................................................176
A.8.7Initialization..........................................................................................................178
A.8.8Typenames...........................................................................................................180
A.8.9Typedef.................................................................................................................181
A.8.10TypeEquivalence................................................................................................181
A.9Statements....................................................................................................................182
A.9.1LabeledStatements...............................................................................................182
A.9.2ExpressionStatement
............................................................................................182
A.9.3CompoundStatement............................................................................................182
A.9.4SelectionStatements.............................................................................................183
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A.9.5IterationStatements..............................................................................................183
A.9.6Jumpstatements....................................................................................................184
A.10ExternalDeclarations.................................................................................................185
A.10.1FunctionDefinitions...........................................................................................185
A.10.2ExternalDeclarations..........................................................................................186
A.11ScopeandLinkage.....................................................................................................187
A.11.1LexicalScope......................................................................................................187
A.11.2Linkage................................................................................................................187
A.12Preprocessing.............................................................................................................188
A.12.1TrigraphSequences.............................................................................................188
A.12.2LineSplicing.......................................................................................................188
A.12.3MacroDefinitionandExpansion........................................................................189
A.12.4FileInclusion......................................................................................................190
A.12.5ConditionalCompilation.....................................................................................191
A.12.6LineControl........................................................................................................192
A.12.7ErrorGeneration.................................................................................................192
A.12.8Pragmas...............................................................................................................192
A.12.9Nulldirective......................................................................................................192
A.12.10Predefinednames..............................................................................................192
A.13Grammar....................................................................................................................193
AppendixB-StandardLibrary..............................................................................................200
B.1InputandOutput:<stdio.h>.........................................................................................200
B.1.1FileOperations......................................................................................................200
B.1.2FormattedOutput..................................................................................................201
B.1.3FormattedInput.....................................................................................................203
B.1.4CharacterInputandOutputFunctions..................................................................204
B.1.5DirectInputandOutputFunctions........................................................................205
B.1.6FilePositioningFunctions.....................................................................................205
B.1.7ErrorFunctions......................................................................................................206
B.2CharacterClassTests:<ctype.h>.................................................................................206
B.3StringFunctions:<string.h>........................................................................................206
B.4MathematicalFunctions:<math.h>.............................................................................207
B.5UtilityFunctions:<stdlib.h>........................................................................................208
B.6Diagnostics:<assert.h>................................................................................................210
B.7VariableArgumentLists:<stdarg.h>...........................................................................210
B.8Non-localJumps:<setjmp.h>......................................................................................211
B.9Signals:<signal.h>.......................................................................................................211
B.10DateandTimeFunctions:<time.h>..........................................................................211
B.11Implementation-definedLimits:<limits.h>and<float.h>........................................213
AppendixC-SummaryofChanges.......................................................................................215
