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以太网交换机入门超详细教程
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2012-06-21
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以太网交换机基础培训教材
Catalog 目 录
1 以太网概述 ............................................................................................................................ 6
2 以太网的基础知识 ................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 MAC 地址
................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 以太网帧的帧格式
............................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.1 以太网 Ⅱ
............................................................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 带有 802.2 逻辑链路控制的 IEEE 802.3
....................................................................................... 8
2.2.3 IEEE 802.3 子网访问协议(以太网 SNAP )
............................................................................. 8
2.2.4 Novell 以太网
....................................................................................................................................... 9
2.3 CSMA/CD
.............................................................................................................................................................. 9
2.4 冲突域和广播域
..................................................................................................................................................
10
2.5 以太网的典型设备 -HUB
..................................................................................................................................
10
2.6 全双工以太网
......................................................................................................................................................
11
3 二层交换机的基本原理 ......................................................................................................... 11
3.1 二层交换机
..........................................................................................................................................................
11
3.2 支持 VLAN 的二层交换机
.................................................................................................................................
14
3.2.1 VLAN 的概念
.....................................................................................................................................
15
3.2.2 VLAN 的划分
.....................................................................................................................................
16
3.2.3 VLAN 的标准
.....................................................................................................................................
17
3.2.4 支持 VLAN 交换机的转发流程
......................................................................................................
19
4 三层交换机基本原理 ............................................................................................................ 22
4.1 三层交换机的提出
.............................................................................................................................................
22
4.2 三层交换机基本特征
.........................................................................................................................................
23
4.3 三层交换机的功能模型
....................................................................................................................................
23
4.4 三层交换机转发流程
.........................................................................................................................................
25
4.4.1 IP 网络规则
........................................................................................................................................
25
4.4.2 三层转发流程
....................................................................................................................................
25
4.4.3 选路过程
............................................................................................................................................
27
4.5 路由器和交换机
..................................................................................................................................................
29
4.5.1 接口
.....................................................................................................................................................
30
4.5.2 特点对照
............................................................................................................................................
30
5 交换机相关协议和技术 ......................................................................................................... 30
5.1 物理层特性(接口)
.........................................................................................................................................
30
5.1.1 自协商
.................................................................................................................................................
31
5.1.2 智能 MDI/MDIX 自识别
...................................................................................................................
31
5.1.3 流控机制
............................................................................................................................................
32
5.1.4 POE 供电
............................................................................................................................................
33
5.1.5 端口镜像
............................................................................................................................................
33
5.2 二层协议和特性
..................................................................................................................................................
33
5.2.1 STP/RSTP/MSTP 协议
..................................................................................................................
34
5.2.2 GARP/GVRP/GMRP
.....................................................................................................................
35
5.2.3 聚合特性
............................................................................................................................................
36
5.2.4 Isolate-user-vlan
.............................................................................................................................
37
5.2.5 二层多播
............................................................................................................................................
38
5.2.6 QinQ
....................................................................................................................................................
39
5.3 三层特性
...............................................................................................................................................................
39
5.3.1 SuperVLAN
.......................................................................................................................................
39
以太网交换机基础培训教材
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2
, Total
48
第 2 页,共 48 页
5.4 Qos/ACL
...............................................................................................................................................................
40
5.5 安全特性
...............................................................................................................................................................
40
5.5.1 802.1X
................................................................................................................................................
40
5.5.2 PORTAL
............................................................................................................................................
42
5.6 管理特性
...............................................................................................................................................................
43
5.6.1 集群管理
............................................................................................................................................
44
5.6.2 WEB 网管
...........................................................................................................................................
45
5.7 IRF
.........................................................................................................................................................................
45
5.8 与路由器相同的一些特性
................................................................................................................................
47
6 以太网交换机主要厂商 ......................................................................................................... 47
6.1 Cisco
......................................................................................................................................................................
47
6.2 Extreme
................................................................................................................................................................
48
6.3 Foundry
................................................................................................................................................................
48
6.4 港湾
........................................................................................................................................................................
48
7 参考资料 .............................................................................................................................. 48
以太网交换机基础培训教材
Page
3
, Total
48
第 3 页,共 48 页
图索引
图
1
MAC 地址
....................................................................................................................................................... 7
图
2
常用的以太网帧格式
.................................................................................................................................. 8
图
3
由 HUB 组成的网络
...................................................................................................................................
11
图
4
全双工以太网
.............................................................................................................................................
11
图
5
二层交换机结构示意图
...........................................................................................................................
12
图
6
二层交换机的转发流程
...........................................................................................................................
13
图
7
二层交换机工作在链路层
.......................................................................................................................
13
图
8
交换机的冲突域和广播域
.......................................................................................................................
14
图
9
由二层交换机构成的扁平网络
..............................................................................................................
14
图 10 基于端口 VLAN 的划分
............................................................................................................................
16
图 11 802.1Q VLAN 帧格式
................................................................................................................................
18
图 12 Trunk 链路实现虚拟工作组
.....................................................................................................................
18
图 13 支持 VLAN 交换机交换引擎
...................................................................................................................
19
图 14 IVL 和 SVL 地址学习方式
.........................................................................................................................
20
图 15 IVL 地址学习方式转发流程
....................................................................................................................
21
图 16 SVL 地址学习方式转发流程
...................................................................................................................
21
图 17 支持 VLAN 交换机冲突域和广播域
......................................................................................................
22
图 18 三层交换机功能模型
................................................................................................................................
24
图 19 三层交换引擎
.............................................................................................................................................
24
图 20 三层转发流程
.............................................................................................................................................
26
图 21 路由器的最长匹配转发
...........................................................................................................................
28
图 22 三层交换机转发
-
精确匹配
.....................................................................................................................
29
图 23 三层交换机转发
-
最长匹配
.....................................................................................................................
29
图 24 以太网的自协商
........................................................................................................................................
31
图 25 STP 阻塞网络环路
.....................................................................................................................................
34
图 26 MSTP 根据 VLAN 进行阻塞链路
............................................................................................................
35
图 27 GARP 属性注册和注销
.............................................................................................................................
35
图 28 GARP 基本原理
..........................................................................................................................................
36
图 29 Isolate-user-vlan
..........................................................................................................................................
37
图 30 不支持多播功能交换机
...........................................................................................................................
38
图 31 QinQ 实现 vMAN
........................................................................................................................................
39
图 32 802.1X 认证体系结构
................................................................................................................................
41
图 33 PORTAL 认证四大要素
............................................................................................................................
43
图 34 集群的组成
.................................................................................................................................................
45
图 35 IRF 的组成
...................................................................................................................................................
46
图 36 IRF 的典型应用
..........................................................................................................................................
47
以太网交换机基础培训教材
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4
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48
第 4 页,共 48 页
表索引
表
1.
LAN/MAN 参考模型
.................................................................................................................................
15
表
2.
路由器和三层交换机的特点对比
.........................................................................................................
30
表
3.
PORTAL 、 PPPoE/A 、 802.1X 三种认证方式的特点对比
..............................................................
43
以太网交换机基础培训教材
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第 5 页,共 48 页
以太网交换机基础培训教材
Keywords
Keywords
Keywords
Keywords 关键词: 以太网,交换机, LAN , VLAN , IRF
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract
Abstract 摘 要 : 本文介绍以太网交换机的相关知识和基本原理 。 主要包括 : 1 ) 以太网交换机基
础知识; 2 )二、三层交换机的基本原理和转发流程; 3 )以太网交换机常用特
性和技术。
List
List
List
List of
of
of
of abbreviations
abbreviations
abbreviations
abbreviations 缩略语清单:
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
Abbreviations
缩略语
Full
Full
Full
Full spelling
spelling
spelling
spelling 英文全名
Chinese
Chinese
Chinese
Chinese explanation
explanation
explanation
explanation
中文解释
POE Power Over Ethernet
以太网供电
IVL Independent Vlan Learning
独立 vlan 学习
SVL Sharing Vlan Learning
共享 vlan 学习
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
虚拟局域网
GVRP Generic Vlan Registration Protocol
通用 vlan 注册协议
RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
快速生成树协议
MSTP Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol
多实例生成树协议
LACP Link Aggregation Control Protocol
链路聚合控制协议
DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
动态主机配置协议
NTP Network Time Protocol
网络时间协议
VRRP Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
虚拟路由冗余协议
RIP Routing Information Protocol
路由信息协议
OSPF Open Shortest Path First
开放最短路径优先
IS-IS Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System
intra-domain routing information exchange protocol
IS-IS 路由协议
BGP Border Gateway Protocol
边界网关协议
IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol
Internet 组管理协议
IGMP Snooping Internet Group Management Protocol Snooping
IGMP 侦听
GMRP Generic Multicast Registration Protocol
通用组播注册协议
PIM-DM Protocol Independent Multicast-Dense Mode
密集模式协议无关组播
PIM-SM Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode
稀疏模式协议无关组播
MSDP Multicast Source Discovery Protocol
组播源发现协议
WRED Weighted Random Early Detection
加权随机早期检测
CHAP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
质询握手验证协议
PAP Password Authentication Protocol
密码验证协议
EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol
可扩展认证协议
SSH Secure Shell
安全外壳
IDS Intrusion Detection System
入侵检测系统
RMON Remote MONitor
远程监控
HGMP Huawei Group Management Protocol
华为组管理协议
NDP Neighbor Discovery Protocol
邻居发现协议
IRF Intelligent Resilient Framework
智能弹性架构
剩余47页未读,继续阅读
资源评论
- Redondo2012-07-17非常好的入门教程,谢谢楼主
- kingppp2012-12-02确实很详细,感谢无私分享 .
- heronlu2012-07-09确实很详细,感谢楼主无私分享
- 溺水的鱼2021-02-05非常好的入门教程,感谢无私分享 .
black2luntan
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