VHDL实用教程，硬件描述语言

第1 章绪 论 ....................................................................................................................1 § 1.1 关于EDA...............................................................................................................1 § 1.2 关于 VHDL............................................................................................................3 § 1.3 关于自顶向下的系统设计方法 ............................................................................5 § 1.4 关于应用 VHDL 的EDA 过程.............................................................................6 § 1.5 关于在系统编程技术 ............................................................................................9 § 1.6 关于 FPGA/CPLD 的优势...................................................................................10 § 1.7 关于 VHDL 的学习.............................................................................................10 第2 章 VHDL 入门..............................................................................................................12 § 2.1 用 VHDL 设计多路选择器和锁存器.................................................................12 § 2.2 用 VHDL 设计全加器.........................................................................................15 第3 章 VHDL 程序结构......................................................................................................19 § 3.1 实 体 ENTITY ..............................................................................................19 § 3.2 结构体 ARCHITECTURE ............................................................................26 § 3.3 块语句结构 BLOCK .....................................................................................29 § 3.4 进程 PROCESS .............................................................................................32 § 3.5 子程序(SUBPROGRAM)....................................................................................35 3.5.1 函数FUNCTION ..................................................................................36 3.5.2 重载函数OVERLOADED FUNCTION ..............................................39 3.5.3 过程PROCEDURE ...............................................................................42 3.5.4 重载过程OVERLOADED PROCEDURE ..........................................44 § 3.6 库 LIBRARY .................................................................................................45 § 3.7 程序包 PACKAGE ........................................................................................48 § 3.8 配置 CONFIGURATION ..............................................................................51 习题 ............................................................................................................................ 53 第4 章 VHDL 语言要素......................................................................................................55 § 4.1 VHDL 文字规则..................................................................................................55 § 4.2 VHDL 数据对象..................................................................................................58 4.2.1 变量(VARIABLE)........................................................................................59 4.2.2 信号(SIGNAL).............................................................................................60 4.2.3 常数(CONSTANT).......................................................................................63 § 4.3 VHDL 数据类型..................................................................................................64 4.3.1 VHDL 的预定义数据类型..........................................................................65 4.3.2 IEEE 预定义标准逻辑位与矢量.................................................................68 4.3.3 其它预定义标准数据类型..........................................................................70 4.3.4 用户自定义数据类型方式..........................................................................71 4.3.5 枚举类型......................................................................................................73 4.3.6 整数类型和实数类型..................................................................................74 KONXIN 杭州康芯电子有限公司 KONXIN 目录 2 4.3.7 数组类型......................................................................................................74 4.3.8 记录类型......................................................................................................76 4.3.9 数据类型转换..............................................................................................78 § 4.4 VHDL 操作符......................................................................................................82 4.4.1 操作符种类..................................................................................................82 4.4.2 逻辑操作符..................................................................................................83 4.4.3 关系操作符..................................................................................................85 4.4.4 算术操作符..................................................................................................87 4.4.5 重载操作符..................................................................................................93 习题 ...............................................................................................................................94 第 5 章 VHDL 顺序语句......................................................................................................95 § 5.1 赋值语句 ..............................................................................................................95 5.1.1 信号和变量赋值..........................................................................................96 5.1.2 赋值目标......................................................................................................97 § 5.2 流程控制语句 ......................................................................................................99 5.2.1 IF 语句..........................................................................................................99 5.2.2 CASE 语句.................................................................................................102 5.2.3 LOOP 语句.................................................................................................106 5.2.4 NEXT 语句.................................................................................................109 5.2.5 EXIT 语句..................................................................................................110 § 5.3 WAIT 语句.........................................................................................................111 § 5.4 子程序调用语句 ................................................................................................115 § 5.5 返回语句(RETURN)..........................................................................................118 § 5.6 空操作语句(NULL) ...........................................................................................119 § 5.7 其它语句和说明 ................................................................................................120 5.7.1 属性(ATTRIBUTE) 描述与定义语句......................................................120 5.7.2 文本文件操作(TEXTIO) ...........................................................................125 5.7.3 ASSERT 语句.............................................................................................127 5.7.4 REPORT 语句............................................................................................128 5.7.5 决断函数....................................................................................................128 习题...............................................................................................................................129 第6 章 VHDL 并行语句....................................................................................................131 § 6.1 进程语句 ............................................................................................................132 § 6.2 块 语 句 ............................................................................................................137 § 6.3 并行信号赋值语句 ............................................................................................138 6.3.1 简单信号赋值语句....................................................................................138 6.3.2 条件信号赋值语句....................................................................................138 6.3.3 选择信号赋值语句....................................................................................139 § 6.4 并行过程调用语句 ............................................................................................141 KONXIN 杭州康芯电子有限公司 KONXIN 目录 3 § 6.5 元件例化语句 ....................................................................................................143 § 6.6 类属映射语句 ....................................................................................................145 § 6.7 生成语句 ............................................................................................................146 习题 .............................................................................................................................151 第7 章 VHDL 的描述风格................................................................................................153 § 7.1 行为描述 ............................................................................................................153 § 7.2 数据流描述 ........................................................................................................155 § 7.3 结构描述 ............................................................................................................156 习题 .............................................................................................................................157 第8 章 仿 真................................................................................................................158 § 8.1 VHDL 仿真........................................................................................................158 § 8.2 延时模型............................................................................................................162 8.2.1 固有延时....................................................................................................163 8.2.2 传输延时....................................................................................................163 § 8.3 仿 真 d ..............................................................................................................164 § 8.4 仿真激励信号的产生 ........................................................................................164 § 8.5 VHDL 测试基准................................................................................................166 § 8.6 VHDL 系统级仿真............................................................................................169 习题 .............................................................................................................................170 第9 章综 合 ................................................................................................................171 § 9.1 VHDL 综合........................................................................................................171 § 9.2 有关可综合性的考虑 ........................................................................................174 § 9.3 寄存器引入方法 ................................................................................................175 9.3.1 容易发生的错误........................................................................................175 9.3.2 常规寄存器的引入....................................................................................180 9.3.3 具有时钟门控结构寄存器的引入............................................................183 9.3.4 同步置位复位功能的引入....................................................................184 9.3.5 异步置位复位功能的引入....................................................................184 § 9.4 引入寄存器的有关技巧 ....................................................................................186 § 9.5 三态门引入方法 ................................................................................................190 § 9.6 资源共享 ............................................................................................................194 习题 .............................................................................................................................196 第10 章有限状态机 FSM.................................................................................................198 § 10.1 一般状态机设计 ..............................................................................................199 § 10.2 状态机的状态编码 ..........................................................................................210 § 10.3 状态机剩余状态处理 ......................................................................................212 习题 .............................................................................................................................213 第11 章数字滤波器设计..................................................................................................215 § 11.1 基于 FPGA 的数字滤波器优势.....................................................................215 KONXIN 杭州康芯电子有限公司 KONXIN 目录 4 § 11.2 FIR 数字滤波器设计......................................................................................217 11.2.1 FIR 滤波器结构原理简要.......................................................................217 11.2.2 FIR 滤波器设计方案确定.......................................................................220 11.2.3 FIR 滤波器主系统设计...........................................................................223 11.2.4 FIR 滤波器附加功能实现.......................................................................227 § 11.3 IIR 数字滤波器设计.......................................................................................229 11.3.1 IIR 滤波器设计方案................................................................................229 11.3.2 IIR 滤波器的实现....................................................................................232 习题 .............................................................................................................................234 第12 章 VHDL 设计平台使用向导..................................................................................235 § 12.1 ispVHDL 使用向导..........................................................................................235 12.1.1 ispLSI 系列介绍.......................................................................................236 12.1.2 ispVHDL 设计套件介绍..........................................................................236 12.1.3 ispVHDL 设计向导..................................................................................237 § 12.2 Altera MAX+plus II VHDL 使用向导............................................................246 § 12.3 MAX+plus II 与Synplify 接口........................................................................254 § 12.4 Xilinx Foundation VHDL 使用向导................................................................256 12.4.1 Foundation 设计流程...............................................................................256 12.4.2 VHDL 输入方式设计向导......................................................................257 习题...............................................................................................................................264 第13 章 VHDL 设计实践与实验......................................................................................265 § 13.1 8 位预置加法计数器设计...............................................................................265 实验习题...................................................................................................................267 § 13.2 宽位可预置中断处理器 ...............................................................................267 实验习题...................................................................................................................268 § 13.3 静态随机存储器SRAM ..........................................................................269 实验习题...................................................................................................................270 § 13.4 堆栈设计 ..........................................................................................................270 实验习题...................................................................................................................271 § 13.5 8 位硬件加法器设计.......................................................................................271 实验习题...................................................................................................................273 § 13.6 8 位硬件乘法器设计.......................................................................................273 实验习题...................................................................................................................278 § 13.7 乒乓球游戏电路设计 ......................................................................................278 实验习题...................................................................................................................283 § 13.8 序列检测器设计 ..............................................................................................283 实验习题...................................................................................................................284 § 13.9 正负脉宽数控调制信号发生器设计 ..............................................................284 实验习题...................................................................................................................286 KONXIN 杭州康芯电子有限公司 KONXIN 目录 5 § 13.10 “梁祝乐曲演奏电路设计...........................................................................287 实验习题...................................................................................................................292 § 13.11 RS232 通信控制电子琴.................................................................................292 实验习题...................................................................................................................295 § 13.12 数字频率计设计 ............................................................................................296 实验习题...................................................................................................................299 § 13.13 PC 机单片机FPGA 双向通信...............................................................299 实验习题...................................................................................................................301 § 13.14 VGA 显示器彩条信号发生器设计...............................................................301 实验习题...................................................................................................................304 § 13.15 A/D 采样控制器设计....................................................................................304 实验习题...................................................................................................................308 § 13.16 D/A 接口电路与波形发生器设计.................................................................308 实验习题...................................................................................................................310 § 13.17 MCS-51 单片机与CPLD 接口逻辑设计.....................................................310 13.17.1 总线方式................................................................................................310 13.17.2 独立方式 ..............................................................................................312 实验习题...................................................................................................................313 § 13.18 PS/2 键盘接口逻辑设计................................................................................314 § 13.19 7 段LED 译码显示电路设计........................................................................315 实验习题...................................................................................................................316 第14 章电子设计竞赛实例介绍 ......................................................................................317 § 14.1 多功能等精度频率计 ......................................................................................317 14.1.1 测频原理..................................................................................................317 14.1.2 测频专用模块工作原理和设计..............................................................318 14.1.3 频率计功能模块的VHDL 描述.............................................................320 14.1.4 测频主系统实现......................................................................................323 14.1.5 专用模块测试控制信号说明..................................................................324 §14.2 电子设计竞赛开发板.......................................................................................325 习题 .............................................................................................................................326 附录1 GW48 型EDA 实验开发系统使用介绍...............................................................327 附录2 一些 FPGA 和CPLD 芯片引脚图.........................................................................344