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PROGRAMMINGC

21st Century C

ISBN: 978-1-491-90389-6

US $49.99 CAN $52.99

“

Is your C development

environment limited to vi

and cc? Does C memory

management still plague

you as it did in the '90s?

Ben Klemens capably

addresses these and

other common problems,

demonstrating how tools

have emerged to make

C programming easier—

helping you debug, track

down memory leaks,

organize the compilation

process, and manage

source code versions.

”

—Dave Kitabjian

Director of Software Development,

NetCarrier Telecom

Twitter: @oreillymedia

facebook.com/oreilly

Throw out your old ideas about C and get to know a programming language

that has substantially outgrown its origins. With this revised edition of 21st

Century C, you’ll discover up-to-date techniques missing from other C

tutorials, whether you’re new to the language or just getting reacquainted.

C isn’t just the foundation of modern programming languages; it is a

modern language, ideal for writing efficient, state-of-the-art applications.

Get past idioms that made sense on mainframes and learn the tools you

need to work with this evolved and aggressively simple language. No

matter what programming language you currently favor, you’ll quickly see

that 21st century C rocks.

■ Set up a C programming environment with shell facilities,

makeles, text editors, debuggers, and memory checkers

■ Use Autotools, C’s de facto cross-platform package manager

■ Learn about the problematic C concepts too useful to discard

■ Solve C’s string-building problems with C-standard functions

■ Use modern syntactic features for functions that take

structured inputs

■ Build high-level, object-based libraries and programs

■ Perform advanced math, talk to internet servers, and run

databases with existing C libraries

This edition also includes new material on concurrent threads, virtual

tables, C99 numeric types, and other features.

Ben Klemens has written statistical analyses and computationally intensive

models for the Brookings Institution, World Bank, National Institute of Mental

Health, and the US government. He has also worked with Brookings and the Free

Software Foundation to ensure that authors retain the right to use the software

they write. He currently leads a statistical computing group in the research division

of the United States Census Bureau.

Ben Klemens

21st Century

C

C TIPS FROM THE

NEW SCHOOL

2nd Edition

21st Century C

SECOND

EDITION

Klemens

PROGRAMMINGC

21st Century C

ISBN: 978-1-491-90389-6

US $49.99 CAN $52.99

“

Is your C development

environment limited to vi

and cc? Does C memory

management still plague

you as it did in the '90s?

Ben Klemens capably

addresses these and

other common problems,

demonstrating how tools

have emerged to make

C programming easier—

helping you debug, track

down memory leaks,

organize the compilation

process, and manage

source code versions.

”

—Dave Kitabjian

Director of Software Development,

NetCarrier Telecom

Twitter: @oreillymedia

facebook.com/oreilly

Throw out your old ideas about C and get to know a programming language

that has substantially outgrown its origins. With this revised edition of 21st

Century C, you’ll discover up-to-date techniques missing from other C

tutorials, whether you’re new to the language or just getting reacquainted.

C isn’t just the foundation of modern programming languages; it is a

modern language, ideal for writing efficient, state-of-the-art applications.

Get past idioms that made sense on mainframes and learn the tools you

need to work with this evolved and aggressively simple language. No

matter what programming language you currently favor, you’ll quickly see

that 21st century C rocks.

■ Set up a C programming environment with shell facilities,

makeles, text editors, debuggers, and memory checkers

■ Use Autotools, C’s de facto cross-platform package manager

■ Learn about the problematic C concepts too useful to discard

■ Solve C’s string-building problems with C-standard functions

■ Use modern syntactic features for functions that take

structured inputs

■ Build high-level, object-based libraries and programs

■ Perform advanced math, talk to internet servers, and run

databases with existing C libraries

This edition also includes new material on concurrent threads, virtual

tables, C99 numeric types, and other features.

Ben Klemens has written statistical analyses and computationally intensive

models for the Brookings Institution, World Bank, National Institute of Mental

Health, and the US government. He has also worked with Brookings and the Free

Software Foundation to ensure that authors retain the right to use the software

they write. He currently leads a statistical computing group in the research division

of the United States Census Bureau.

Ben Klemens

21st Century

C

C TIPS FROM THE

NEW SCHOOL

2nd Edition

21st Century C

SECOND

EDITION

Klemens

Editors: Rachel Roumeliotis and Allyson MacDonald

Production Editor: Nicole Shelby

Copyeditor: Becca Freed

Proofreader: Amanda Kersey

Indexer: Judy McConville

Interior Designer: David Futato

Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery

Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest

978-1-491-90389-6

[LSI]

21st Century C, Second Edition

by Ben Klemens

Copyright © 2015 Ben Klemens. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America.

Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.

O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use. Online editions are

also available for most titles (http://www.safaribooksonline.com). For more information, contact our cor‐

porate/institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or corporate@oreilly.com.

September 2014:

Second Edition

Revision History for the Second Edition

2014-09-24: First Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491903896 for release details.

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. 21st Century C, the cover image, and

related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as

trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly Media, Inc., was aware of a trade‐

mark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and

instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author disclaim all responsibility

for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of

or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own

risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source

licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use

thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

Table of Contents

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Part I. The Environment

1. Set Yourself Up for Easy Compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Use a Package Manager 2

Compiling C with Windows 4

POSIX for Windows 4

Compiling C with POSIX 6

Compiling C Without POSIX 7

Which Way to the Library? 8

A Few of My Favorite Flags 10

Paths 11

Runtime Linking 14

Using Makefiles 15

Setting Variables 15

The Rules 18

Using Libraries from Source 22

Using Libraries from Source (Even if Your Sysadmin Doesn’t Want You To) 23

Compiling C Programs via Here Document 25

Include Header Files from the Command Line 25

The Unified Header 26

Here Documents 27

Compiling from stdin 28

2. Debug, Test, Document. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Using a Debugger 31

iii

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