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Certified Tester

Foundation Level Syllabus

Version 2010

International Software Testing Qualifications Board

Certified Tester

Foundation Level Syllabus

Version 2010 Page 2 of 78 31-Mar-2010

This document may be copied in its entirety, or extracts made, if the source is acknowledged.

ISTQB is a registered trademark of the International Software Testing Qualifications Board,

Klonk, Rahul Verma)

Friedenberg and Erik van Veendendaal)

Klaus Olsen, Maaret Pyhäjärvi, Geoff Thompson and Erik van Veendendaal).

The authors hereby transfer the copyright to the International Software Testing Qualifications Board

(ISTQB). The authors (as current copyright holders) and ISTQB (as the future copyright holder)

have agreed to the following conditions of use:

1) Any individual or training company may use this syllabus as the basis for a training course if the

authors and the ISTQB are acknowledged as the source and copyright owners of the syllabus

and provided that any advertisement of such a training course may mention the syllabus only

after submission for official accreditation of the training materials to an ISTQB-recognized

National Board.

2) Any individual or group of individuals may use this syllabus as the basis for articles, books, or

other derivative writings if the authors and the ISTQB are acknowledged as the source and

3) Any ISTQB-recognized National Board may translate this syllabus and license the syllabus (or

its translation) to other parties.

Certified Tester

Foundation Level Syllabus

Version 2010 Page 4 of 78 31-Mar-2010

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................7!

Introduction to this Syllabus ....................................................................................................................8!

Purpose of this Document...................................................................................................................8!

The Certified Tester Foundation Level in Software Testing................................................................8!

Learning Objectives/Cognitive Level of Knowledge............................................................................8!

The Examination .................................................................................................................................8!

Accreditation .......................................................................................................................................8!

Level of Detail .....................................................................................................................................9!

How this Syllabus is Organized ..........................................................................................................9!

1.! Fundamentals of Testing (K2)........................................................................................................10!

1.1! Why is Testing Necessary (K2) ...............................................................................................11!

1.1.1! Software Systems Context (K1) .......................................................................................11!

1.1.2! Causes of Software Defects (K2) .....................................................................................11!

1.1.3! Role of Testing in Software Development, Maintenance and Operations (K2) ................11!

1.1.4! Testing and Quality (K2)...................................................................................................11!

1.1.5! How Much Testing is Enough? (K2).................................................................................12!

1.2! What is Testing? (K2) ..............................................................................................................13!

1.3! Seven Testing Principles (K2) .................................................................................................14!

1.4! Fundamental Test Process (K1) ..............................................................................................15!

1.4.1! Test Planning and Control (K1) ........................................................................................15!

1.4.2! Test Analysis and Design (K1) .........................................................................................15!

1.4.3! Test Implementation and Execution (K1) .........................................................................16!

1.4.4! Evaluating Exit Criteria and Reporting (K1)......................................................................16!

1.4.5! Test Closure Activities (K1) ..............................................................................................16!

1.5! The Psychology of Testing (K2)...............................................................................................17!

1.6! Code of Ethics (K2)..................................................................................................................19!

2.! Testing Throughout the Software Life Cycle (K2) ..........................................................................20!

2.1! Software Development Models (K2)........................................................................................21!

2.1.1! V-model (Sequential Development Model) (K2)...............................................................21!

2.1.2! Iterative-incremental Development Models (K2) ..............................................................21!

2.1.3! Testing within a Life Cycle Model (K2) .............................................................................21!

2.2! Test Levels (K2).......................................................................................................................23!

2.2.1! Component Testing (K2) ..................................................................................................23!

2.2.2! Integration Testing (K2)....................................................................................................23!

2.2.3! System Testing (K2).........................................................................................................24!

2.2.4! Acceptance Testing (K2) ..................................................................................................25!

2.3! Test Types (K2) .......................................................................................................................27!

2.3.1! Testing of Function (Functional Testing) (K2) ..................................................................27!

2.3.2! Testing of Non-functional Software Characteristics (Non-functional Testing) (K2) ..........27!

2.3.3! Testing of Software Structure/Architecture (Structural Testing) (K2) ...............................28!

2.3.4! Testing Related to Changes: Re-testing and Regression Testing (K2)............................28!

2.4! Maintenance Testing (K2)........................................................................................................29!

3.! Static Techniques (K2)...................................................................................................................30!

3.1! Static Techniques and the Test Process (K2) .........................................................................31!

3.2! Review Process (K2) ...............................................................................................................32!

3.2.1! Activities of a Formal Review (K1) ...................................................................................32!

3.2.2! Roles and Responsibilities (K1) .......................................................................................32!

3.2.3! Types of Reviews (K2) .....................................................................................................33!

3.2.4! Success Factors for Reviews (K2) ...................................................................................34!

3.3! Static Analysis by Tools (K2) ...................................................................................................35!

4.! Test Design Techniques (K4) ........................................................................................................36!

Certified Tester

Foundation Level Syllabus

Version 2010 Page 5 of 78 31-Mar-2010

4.1! The Test Development Process (K3).......................................................................................37!

4.2! Categories of Test Design Techniques (K2)............................................................................38!

4.3! Specification-based or Black-box Techniques (K3).................................................................39!

4.3.1! Equivalence Partitioning (K3) ...........................................................................................39!

4.3.2! Boundary Value Analysis (K3)..........................................................................................39!

4.3.3! Decision Table Testing (K3) .............................................................................................39!

4.3.4! State Transition Testing (K3)............................................................................................40!

4.3.5! Use Case Testing (K2) .....................................................................................................40!

4.4! Structure-based or White-box Techniques (K4) .....................................................................41!

4.4.1! Statement Testing and Coverage (K4).............................................................................41!

4.4.2! Decision Testing and Coverage (K4) ...............................................................................41!

4.4.3! Other Structure-based Techniques (K1) ..........................................................................41!

4.5! Experience-based Techniques (K2) ........................................................................................43!

4.6! Choosing Test Techniques (K2) ..............................................................................................44!

5.! Test Management (K3) ..................................................................................................................45!

5.1! Test Organization (K2).............................................................................................................47!

5.1.1! Test Organization and Independence (K2) ......................................................................47!

5.1.2! Tasks of the Test Leader and Tester (K1)........................................................................47!

5.2! Test Planning and Estimation (K3) ..........................................................................................49!

5.2.1! Test Planning (K2)............................................................................................................49!

5.2.2! Test Planning Activities (K3) ............................................................................................49!

5.2.3! Entry Criteria (K2).............................................................................................................49!

5.2.4! Exit Criteria (K2) ...............................................................................................................49!

5.2.5! Test Estimation (K2).........................................................................................................50!

5.2.6! Test Strategy, Test Approach (K2)...................................................................................50!

5.3! Test Progress Monitoring and Control (K2) .............................................................................51!

5.3.1! Test Progress Monitoring (K1) .........................................................................................51!

5.3.2! Test Reporting (K2) ..........................................................................................................51!

5.3.3! Test Control (K2) ..............................................................................................................51!

5.4! Configuration Management (K2)..............................................................................................53!

5.5! Risk and Testing (K2) ..............................................................................................................54!

5.5.1! Project Risks (K2).............................................................................................................54!

5.5.2! Product Risks (K2) ...........................................................................................................54!

5.6! Incident Management (K3) ......................................................................................................56!

6.! Tool Support for Testing (K2).........................................................................................................58!

6.1! Types of Test Tools (K2) .........................................................................................................59!

6.1.1! Understanding the Meaning and Purpose of Tool Support for Testing (K2) ....................59!

6.1.2! Test Tool Classification (K2) ............................................................................................59!

6.1.3! Tool Support for Management of Testing and Tests (K1) ................................................60!

6.1.4! Tool Support for Static Testing (K1) .................................................................................60!

6.1.5! Tool Support for Test Specification (K1) ..........................................................................61!

6.1.6! Tool Support for Test Execution and Logging (K1) ..........................................................61!

6.1.7! Tool Support for Performance and Monitoring (K1) .........................................................61!

6.1.8! Tool Support for Specific Testing Needs (K1) ..................................................................62!

6.2! Effective Use of Tools: Potential Benefits and Risks (K2) ......................................................63!

6.2.1! Potential Benefits and Risks of Tool Support for Testing (for all tools) (K2) ....................63!

6.2.2! Special Considerations for Some Types of Tool (K1) ......................................................63!

6.3! Introducing a Tool into an Organization (K1) ...........................................................................65!

7.! References.....................................................................................................................................66!

Standards..........................................................................................................................................66!

Books ................................................................................................................................................66!

8.! Appendix A – Syllabus Background...............................................................................................68!

History of this Document...................................................................................................................68!

Objectives of the Foundation Certificate Qualification ......................................................................68!

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