Linux Kernel Page 1
目 录
LEGAL NOTICE.....................................................................................................................................................5
前言
前言前言
前言 ...........................................................................................................................................................................6
本书的组织...........................................................................................................................................................7
第一章
第一章第一章
第一章 硬件基础
硬件基础硬件基础
硬件基础......................................................................................................................................................9
1.1 CPU...............................................................................................................................................................10
1.2 内存..............................................................................................................................................................11
1.3 总线..............................................................................................................................................................11
1.4 控制器与外设..............................................................................................................................................12
1.5 地址空间......................................................................................................................................................12
1.6 时钟..............................................................................................................................................................12
第二章
第二章第二章
第二章 软件基础
软件基础软件基础
软件基础....................................................................................................................................................12
2.1 计算机编程语言..........................................................................................................................................13
2.1.1 汇编语言 ..............................................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 C 编程语言和编译器............................................................................................................................13
2.1.3 连接程序 ..............................................................................................................................................14
2.2 操作系统概念..............................................................................................................................................14
2.2.1 内存管理 ..............................................................................................................................................15
2.2.2 进程......................................................................................................................................................15
2.2.3 设备驱动 ..............................................................................................................................................16
2.2.4 文件系统 ..............................................................................................................................................16
2.3 核心数据结构..............................................................................................................................................16
2.3.1 连接列表 ..............................................................................................................................................16
2.3.2 散列表..................................................................................................................................................17
2.3.3 抽象接口 ..............................................................................................................................................17
第三章
第三章第三章
第三章 存储管理
存储管理存储管理
存储管理....................................................................................................................................................17
3.1 虚拟内存的抽象模型..................................................................................................................................18
3.1.1 请求换页 ..............................................................................................................................................19
3.1.2 交换......................................................................................................................................................20
3.1.3 共享虚拟内存 ....................................................................................................................................20
3.1.4 物理与虚拟寻址模式 ........................................................................................................................21
3.1.5 访问控制 ............................................................................................................................................21
3.2 高速缓冲....................................................................................................................................................22
3.3 L
INUX
页表 ................................................................................................................................................23
3.4 页面分配与回收........................................................................................................................................23
3.4.1 页面分配 ............................................................................................................................................24
3.4.2 页面回收 ............................................................................................................................................25
3.5 内存映射....................................................................................................................................................26
3.6 请求换页....................................................................................................................................................27
3.7 L
INUX
页面
CACHE
.....................................................................................................................................28
3.8 换出与丢弃页面........................................................................................................................................28
3.8.1 减少 Page Cache 和 Buffer Cache 的大小.........................................................................................29
3.8.2 换出系统 V 内存页面........................................................................................................................30
3.8.3 换出和丢弃页面 ................................................................................................................................30
3.9 T
HE
S
WAP
C
ACHE
........................................................................................................................................31
3.10 页面的换入..............................................................................................................................................31
第四章
第四章第四章
第四章 进程管理
进程管理进程管理
进程管理....................................................................................................................................................32
4.1 L
INUX
进程.................................................................................................................................................33
4.2 I
DENTIFIERS
.................................................................................................................................................35
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4.3 调度............................................................................................................................................................35
4.3.1 多处理器系统中的调度 ....................................................................................................................37
4.4 文件............................................................................................................................................................38
4.5 虚拟内存....................................................................................................................................................39
4.6 进程创建....................................................................................................................................................40
4.7 时钟和定时器............................................................................................................................................41
4.8 程序执行....................................................................................................................................................41
4.8.1 ELF.....................................................................................................................................................42
4.8.2 脚本文件 ............................................................................................................................................44
第五章
第五章第五章
第五章 进程间通讯机制
进程间通讯机制进程间通讯机制
进程间通讯机制 ........................................................................................................................................44
5.1 信号............................................................................................................................................................44
5.2 管道............................................................................................................................................................46
5.3 套接口........................................................................................................................................................48
5.3.1 系统 V IPC 机制 ................................................................................................................................48
5.3.2 消息队列 ............................................................................................................................................48
5.3.3 信号灯 ................................................................................................................................................49
5.3.4 共享内存 ............................................................................................................................................51
第六章
第六章第六章
第六章 PCI.............................................................................................................................................................52
6.1 PCI 地址空间.............................................................................................................................................53
6.2 PCI 配置头................................................................................................................................................54
6.3 PCI I/O 和 PCI 内存地址 ..........................................................................................................................55
6.4 PCI-ISA 桥接器........................................................................................................................................56
6.5 PCI-PCI 桥接器 ........................................................................................................................................56
6.5.1 PCI-PCI 桥接器
PCI I/O 和 PCI 内存窗口 ...................................................................................56
6.5.2 PCI-PCI 桥接器
PCI 配置循环及 PCI 总线编号方式...................................................................56
6.6 L
INUX
PCI 初始化过程.............................................................................................................................57
6.6.1 Linux 核心 PCI 数据结构.................................................................................................................59
6.6.2 PCI 设备驱动 .....................................................................................................................................60
6.6.3 PCI BIOS 函数 ..................................................................................................................................63
6.6.4 PCI 补丁代码 ....................................................................................................................................63
第七章
第七章第七章
第七章 中断及中断处理
中断及中断处理中断及中断处理
中断及中断处理 ........................................................................................................................................65
7.1 可编程中断控制器....................................................................................................................................67
7.2 初始化中断处理数据结构 ........................................................................................................................67
7.3 中断处理....................................................................................................................................................68
第八章
第八章第八章
第八章 设备驱动
设备驱动设备驱动
设备驱动....................................................................................................................................................69
8.1 轮询与中断................................................................................................................................................70
8.2 直接内存访问
(DMA)...............................................................................................................................71
8.3 内存............................................................................................................................................................72
8.4 设备驱动与核心的接口 ............................................................................................................................72
8.4.1 字符设备 ............................................................................................................................................73
8.4.2 块设备 ................................................................................................................................................74
8.5 硬盘............................................................................................................................................................75
8.5.1 IDE 硬盘............................................................................................................................................76
8.5.2 初始化 IDE 子系统............................................................................................................................77
8.5.3 SCSI 硬盘..........................................................................................................................................77
8.6 网络设备....................................................................................................................................................80
8.6.1 初始化网络设备 ................................................................................................................................82
第九章
第九章第九章
第九章 文件系统
文件系统文件系统
文件系统....................................................................................................................................................82
9.1 第二代扩展文件系统
EXT2 ..............................................................................................................84
9.1.1 The EXT2 Inode .................................................................................................................................85
9.1.2 EXT2 超块 ........................................................................................................................................86
9.1.3 EXT2 组标志符.................................................................................................................................86
9.1.4 EXT2 目录 ........................................................................................................................................87
9.1.5 在 EXT2 文件系统中搜寻文件.........................................................................................................88
Linux Kernel Page 3
9.1.6 改变 EXT2 文件系统中文件的大小.................................................................................................88
9.2 虚拟文件系统(VFS)..................................................................................................................................89
9.2.1 VFS 超块...........................................................................................................................................90
9.2.2 The VFS Inode....................................................................................................................................91
9.2.3 注册文件系统 ....................................................................................................................................92
9.2.4 安装文件系统 ....................................................................................................................................92
9.2.5 在虚拟文件系统中搜寻文件.............................................................................................................93
9.2.6 Creating a File in the Virtual File System...........................................................................................94
9.2.7 卸载文件系统 ....................................................................................................................................94
9.2.8 The VFS Inode Cache.........................................................................................................................94
9.2.9 目录 Cache........................................................................................................................................95
9.3 T
HE
B
UFFER
C
ACHE
....................................................................................................................................96
9.3.1 bdflush 核心后台进程 ......................................................................................................................97
9.3.2 update 进程.........................................................................................................................................98
9.4 /
PROC
文件系统..........................................................................................................................................98
9.5 设备特殊文件............................................................................................................................................98
第十章
第十章第十章
第十章 网络
网络网络
网络............................................................................................................................................................99
10.1 TCP/IP 网络简介 .....................................................................................................................................99
10.2 L
INUX
TCP/IP 网络层 ...........................................................................................................................102
10.3
BSD S
OCKET
接口..................................................................................................................................103
10.4 INET S
OCKET
层....................................................................................................................................105
10.4.1 建立 BSD socket ............................................................................................................................106
10.4.2 将地址与 INET BSD socket 绑定..................................................................................................106
10.4.3 在 INET BSD Socket 上建立连接.................................................................................................107
10.4.4 监听 INET BSD Socket.................................................................................................................107
10.4.5 接收连接请求 ................................................................................................................................108
10.5 IP 层 .......................................................................................................................................................108
10.5.1 Socket 缓存 ...................................................................................................................................108
10.5.2 接收 IP 包.......................................................................................................................................110
10.5.3 发送 IP 包.......................................................................................................................................110
10.5.4 数据分块 ........................................................................................................................................ 111
10.6 地址解析协议
(ARP)............................................................................................................................ 111
10.7 IP 路由 ..................................................................................................................................................112
10.7.1 路由缓存 ........................................................................................................................................113
10.7.2 The Forwarding Information Database ........................................................................................... 113
第十一章
第十一章第十一章
第十一章 核心机制
核心机制核心机制
核心机制 .............................................................................................................................................. 114
11.1 底层部分处理机制 ................................................................................................................................114
11.2 任务队列................................................................................................................................................116
11.3 定时器 TIMER ................................................................................................................................117
11.4 等待队列................................................................................................................................................118
11.5 B
UZZ
锁..................................................................................................................................................118
11.6 信号灯.................................................................................................................................................... 118
第十二章
第十二章第十二章
第十二章 模块
模块模块
模块...................................................................................................................................................... 119
12.1 模块的加载............................................................................................................................................121
12.2 模块的卸载............................................................................................................................................122
第十三章
第十三章第十三章
第十三章 处理器
处理器处理器
处理器..................................................................................................................................................123
13.1 X86.........................................................................................................................................................123
13.2 ARM.......................................................................................................................................................123
13.3 A
LPHA
AXP 处理器 ...............................................................................................................................124
第十四章
第十四章第十四章
第十四章 LINUX 核心资源
核心资源核心资源
核心资源 ................................................................................................................................124
第十五章
第十五章第十五章
第十五章 LINUX 核心数据结构
核心数据结构核心数据结构
核心数据结构 ........................................................................................................................128
15.1
BLOCK
_
DEV
_
STRUCT
........................................................................................................................128
15.2
BUFFER
_
HEAD
..................................................................................................................................128
15.3
DEVICE
.............................................................................................................................................129
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15.4
DEVICE
_
STRUCT
...............................................................................................................................132
15.5 FILE
..................................................................................................................................................132
15.6
FILES
_
STRUCT
..................................................................................................................................132
15.7
FS
_
STRUCT
.......................................................................................................................................133
15.8
GENDISK
...........................................................................................................................................133
15.9 INODE
...............................................................................................................................................134
15.10
IPC
_
PERM
....................................................................................................................................135
15.11 IRQACTION
...................................................................................................................................135
15.12
LINUX
_
BINFMT
............................................................................................................................136
15.13 MEM
_
MAP
_
T
................................................................................................................................136
15.14 MM
_
STRUCT
................................................................................................................................137
15.15 PCI
_
BUS
.......................................................................................................................................137
15.16
PCI
_
DEV
......................................................................................................................................137
15.17
REQUEST
......................................................................................................................................138
15.18
RTABLE
........................................................................................................................................139
15.19
SEMAPHORE
.................................................................................................................................139
15.20 SK
_
BUFF
......................................................................................................................................140
15.21 SOCK
...........................................................................................................................................141
15.22 SOCKET
........................................................................................................................................145
15.23
TASK
_
STRUCT
..............................................................................................................................146
15.24 TIMER
_
LIST
.................................................................................................................................148
15.25 TQ
_
STRUCT
..................................................................................................................................148
15.26
VM
_
AREA
_
STRUCT
......................................................................................................................148
第十六章
第十六章第十六章
第十六章 LINUX 相关
相关相关
相关 WEB 和
和和
和 FTP 站点
站点站点
站点........................................................................................................149
附录
附录附录
附录 A 作者简介
作者简介作者简介
作者简介 ..................................................................................................................................................151
附录
附录附录
附录 B THE GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE..........................................................................................151
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