Pro WPF 4.5 in C# WPF 编程宝典 2012和.NET4.5 第四版

This README gives a brief overview of the major classes used to enable interactive 2D on 3D, a high level overview of how it works, as well as a list of known issues and changes that can be made to get around them. --------------- Class Overview: --------------- There are three main classes that are used to enable interacting with 2D content on 3D objects: Viewport3DDecorator, Interactive3DDecorator and InteractiveVisual3D. As a client of the 2D on 3D code, only Interactive3DDecorator and InteractiveVisual3D need to be used. These three classes are explained next. Viewport3DDecorator: -------------------- The Viewport3DDecorator is used to extend the functionality of a Viewport3D. It does so by allowing UIElements to be placed in front of and behind the Viewport3D that is being decorated. This enables, for instance, the Interactive3DDecorator to place its hidden layer on top of the Viewport3D it is decorating, or the trackball to put a pane of glass beneath the Viewport3D it is decorating, so it can be notified when the mouse is clicked within the bounds of the Viewport3D. The UIElements that occur in front of and behind the Viewport3D are exposed via the PreViewportChildren and PostViewportChildren dependency properties. The Viewport3D or Viewport3DDecorator that is decorated is exposed via the Content property of the class. The class takes care of laying out all of its children, but this can be overridden by derived classes if desired. Interactive3DDecorator: ----------------------- The Interactive3DDecorator is a subclass of the Viewport3DDecorator, and uses its PostViewportChildren property to position the hidden visual layer which actually provides the interaction. This class provides interactivity to a Viewport3D. In XAML, the Interactive3DDecorator is used as follows: <local:Interactive3DDecorator> <Viewport3D> … </Viewport3D> </local:Interactive3DDecorator> InteractiveVisual3D: -------------------- The final class, the InteractiveVisual3D, is used to create the interactive 3D content and also to signal to the Interactive3DDecorator that this Visual3D is intended to be interacted with. InteractiveVisual3D is a subclass of ModelVisual3D and provides the following dependency properties: • Geometry - The Geometry3D that is to become the content of the InteractiveVisual3D. • Visual – The Visual that is to be used in a VisualBrush, which will then be used in a material for the geometry for the InteractiveVisual3D. • Material – A user specified material, with the IsInteractiveMaterial attached property being used to mark the locations where the user wants the VisualBrush used to represent the Visual, to be placed. By default, a DiffuseMaterial is used. • IsBackVisible – Indicates whether the material used for the front face should also be mirrored on the back face. The first two properties, Geometry and Visual, are the primary ones needed. They allow the geometry for the Visual3D to be set, as well as the Visual that should appear on that geometry. Note: the texture coordinates used for the Geometry must be in the range (0,0) to (1,1) to enable interaction with the Visual. If they are outside this range, the user will be interacting outside of the bounds of the Visual. The others allow for fine tuning of the object’s appearance. The Material property allows a user to create their own material for the object. Because there potentially need to be things added above the Visual specified by the user, and because parameters of the VisualBrush are modified, the user does not directly specify the VisualBrush used. Instead, they specify using the IsInteractiveMaterial attached property, which material they wish to make “interactive” (i.e. set the VisualBrush created using the passed in Visual as the Brush for that material). As an example, the following code sets the material to be composed of a DiffuseMaterial, which will contain the visual brush, and a SpecularMaterial. <local:InteractiveVisual3D.Material> <MaterialGroup> <DiffuseMaterial local:InteractiveVisual3D.IsInteractiveMaterial="True"/> <SpecularMaterial Brush="Red" /> </MaterialGroup> </local:InteractiveVisual3D.Material> Finally, IsBackVisible sets the material used on the front face to also be used on the back face. Currently, the Interactive3DDecorator does not distinguish between front and back faces, so this allows for there to be interaction with the back face as well. The following is an example use of the InteractiveVisual3D in XAML: <local:InteractiveVisual3D Geometry="{StaticResource PlaneMesh}"> <local:InteractiveVisual3D.Visual> <StackPanel> <Label Content="Sample UI 2" /> <Button Content="Close Window"/> <TextBox /> </StackPanel> </local:InteractiveVisual3D.Visual> </local:InteractiveVisual3D> ----------------- How does it work: ----------------- At a very high level, the interaction with 2D on 3D is achieved by really interacting with a hidden version of that 2D content in 2D. The 2D is positioned such that the point in 3D the mouse is over is the exact same point as the mouse is over on the hidden 2D version. Then, when the user clicks, etc… they are interacting with exactly the same location. If you want to see this for yourself, you can set the “Debug” property on Interactive3DDecorator to true, which makes the hidden layer partially visible. The Interactive3DDecorator then consists of two elements: the 3D content that is displayed within it and a hidden layer that is used to position and display the 2D content that is being interacted with. Depending on what 2D content on 3D is being interacted with, the hidden layer changes to hold that 2D content. For example, consider a simple case of a button, with text "Button", placed on a sphere. When the mouse moves over the “B” in the button on the sphere, the hidden layer (the button) is moved such that the mouse is over the same point in the hidden layer as it is in the 3D scene. To figure out where to position the hidden layer works as follows. When the mouse moves in the 3D scene, a ray is shot in to the 3D scene to see if it intersects any object. If it hit an object, and it is an InteractiveVisual3D, we can use the return parameters from the intersection to compute the texture coordinate that was hit. Then from these, we can map from the (u,v) value of the texture coordinate, on to an x,y point on the 2D visual, which is the point we need to place under the mouse. More specifically, the code assumes texture coordinates are all in the range (0,0) to (1,1) – i.e. upper left to lower right of the image (this is important to know, since your texture coordinates need to be within this range to enable interaction with the 2D content). Then the point on the 2D object that was hit is simply (u * Width, v * Height). There’s one very interesting “gotcha” though: what happens when one of the 2D objects grabs capture and then you move off the 3D mesh it is on? For example, you select some text, and then move the mouse above that selected text, or click and hold on a button, and then move away from it. Correct hidden content positioning becomes more complicated in this case. The problem becomes difficult for many reasons. In the normal 2D situation, both the mouse position and the 2D content exist in the same plane. The transformation that is applied to the 2D content can be used to transform the mouse position to the content’s local coordinate system. However in 3D, due to the projection of 3D on to a 2D plane, the mouse’s position actually corresponds to a line in 3D space. In addition, the element with capture could also be mapped to any arbitrary geometry.