Contents v
3.7.1 for...................................................................................................................................................................29
3.7.2 loop................................................................................................................................................................30
3.8 OTHER SELECTION CONSTRUCTS ..................................................................................................................31
3.8.1 case................................................................................................................................................................31
3.9 INPUT AND OUTPUT ...........................................................................................................................................32
3.10 ACCESS TO COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS..................................................................................................33
3.10.1 Putting it all together.................................................................................................................................34
3.11 A BETTER CAT PROGRAM .................................................................................................................................34
3.11.1 Putting it all together.................................................................................................................................35
3.12 CHARACTERS IN ADA ........................................................................................................................................35
3.13 SELF-ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................................36
3.14 EXERCISES.............................................................................................................................................................37
4 ADA INTRODUCTION: PART 2...............................................................................................................38
4.1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................38
4.2 THE TYPE FLOAT..................................................................................................................................................38
4.2.1 Other Integer and Float data types..........................................................................................................39
4.3 NEW DATA TYPES ...............................................................................................................................................39
4.3.1 Type conversions.........................................................................................................................................40
4.3.2 Universal integer........................................................................................................................................40
4.3.3 Constant declarations................................................................................................................................40
4.4 MODIFIED COUNTDOWN PROGRAM..............................................................................................................41
4.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT IN ADA ............................................................................................................................41
4.6 THE PACKAGE ADA.FLOAT_TEXT_IO...........................................................................................................41
4.6.1 Output of floating point numbers.............................................................................................................42
4.6.2 Input of floating point numbers................................................................................................................42
4.7 THE PACKAGE ADA.INTEGER_TEXT_IO......................................................................................................42
4.7.1 Output of integer numbers.........................................................................................................................42
4.7.2 Input of integer numbers............................................................................................................................43
4.8 CONVERSION BETWEEN FLOAT AND INTEGER TYPES..............................................................................43
4.9 TYPE SAFETY IN A PROGRAM .........................................................................................................................44
4.10 SUBTYPES..............................................................................................................................................................44
4.10.1 Types vs. subtypes.......................................................................................................................................45
4.11 MORE ON TYPES AND SUBTYPES ...................................................................................................................45
4.11.1 Root_Integer and Root_Real.....................................................................................................................46
4.11.2 Type declarations: root type of type........................................................................................................46
4.11.3 Arithmetic with types and subtypes..........................................................................................................47
4.11.4 Warning........................................................................................................................................................47
4.11.5 Constrained and unconstrained types.....................................................................................................48
4.11.6 Implementation optimizations...................................................................................................................48
4.12 COMPILE-TIME AND RUN-TIME CHECKS .....................................................................................................49
4.12.1 Subtypes Natural and Positive......................................................................................................50
4.13 ENUMERATIONS..................................................................................................................................................50
4.13.1 Enumeration values....................................................................................................................................51
4.13.2 The attributes 'Val and 'Pos................................................................................................................51
4.14 THE SCALAR TYPE HIERARCHY......................................................................................................................52
4.14.1 The inbuilt types..........................................................................................................................................53
4.15 ARITHMETIC OPERATORS ................................................................................................................................53
4.15.1 Exponentiation............................................................................................................................................54
4.15.2 Monadic arithmetic operators..................................................................................................................54
4.16 MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS ...............................................................................................................................54
4.17 USE OF TYPES AND SUBTYPES WITH MEMBERSHIP OPERATOR...........................................................55
4.18 RELATIONAL OPERATORS................................................................................................................................56
4.18.1 Boolean operators..............................................................................................................................56
4.18.2 Monadic Boolean operators..................................................................................................................57
4.19 BITWISE OPERATORS.........................................................................................................................................57
4.20 SELF-ASSESSMENT .............................................................................................................................................58
