Unix系统大全——系统管理员卷1资源-CSDN文库

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Unix系统

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Unix系统大全——系统管理员卷1 （141个子文件）

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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <script language="Javascript">  </SCRIPT> <META NAME="GENERATOR" Content="Symantec Visual Page 1.0.1"> <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html;CHARSET=iso-8859-1"> <TITLE>Ch 5 -- General Commands</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY BACKGROUND="buttonart/bg1.gif" BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"> <P> <TABLE BORDER="0" WIDTH="600"> <TR> <TD WIDTH="80" VALIGN="TOP"><IMG SRC="buttonart/sams.gif" WIDTH="75" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"><BR> <BR> <A HREF="toc.htm" onMouseover="img_act('toc4')" onMouseout="img_inact('toc4')"><IMG SRC="buttonart/toc.gif" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" ALT="TOC" BORDER="0" NAME="toc4"></A><BR> <A HREF="ch04.htm" onMouseover="img_act('toc1')" onMouseout="img_inact('toc1')"><IMG SRC="buttonart/back1.gif" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" ALT="BACK" BORDER="0" NAME="toc1"></A><BR> <A HREF="ch06.htm" onMouseover="img_act('toc2')" onMouseout="img_inact('toc2')"><IMG SRC="buttonart/forward.gif" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" ALT="FORWARD" BORDER="0" NAME="toc2"></A><BR> <A HREF="index.htm" onMouseover="img_act('toc3')" onMouseout="img_inact('toc3')"><IMG SRC="buttonart/home.gif" WIDTH="40" HEIGHT="40" ALIGN="BOTTOM" ALT="HOME" BORDER="0" NAME="toc3"></A></TD> <TD WIDTH="520" VALIGN="TOP"> <H2><FONT COLOR="#000077">UNIX Unleashed, System Administrator's Edition</FONT></H2> <P> <H1 ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT COLOR="#000077">- 5 -</FONT></H1> <H1 ALIGN="CENTER"><FONT COLOR="#000077">General Commands</FONT></H1> <P><I>by Sanjiv Guha</I></P> <P>UNIX has commands that are native to UNIX, and commands that you (or someone at your installation) can write. Depending on the UNIX version you are running and the shell you are in, the commands differ. In this chapter, commands that are available in most UNIX versions are discussed. Each command can have several arguments and several flags associated with it. The general form of a command is</P> <PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">command [flags] [argument1] [argument2] ... </FONT></PRE> <P>Flags are preceded by a hyphen. Several flags can be specified together with only one hyphen. For example, the following two commands are equivalent:</P> <PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">ls -a -l ls -al </FONT></PRE> <P>Depending on the command, the arguments can be optional or mandatory. All commands accept inputs from the standard input, display output on standard output and display error message on standard error. You can use UNIX redirection capabilities to redirect one or more of these. Standard input is where UNIX gets the input for a command, standard output is where UNIX displays output from a command, and standard error is where UNIX displays any errors as a result of the execution of a command.</P> <P>All commands, when executed successfully, return a zero return code. However, if the commands are unsuccessful or partially successful, they return non-zero return codes. The return codes can be used as part of control logic in shell scripts. <BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <HR> <FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>CAUTION:</B></FONT> Though the commands described here work on most of the UNIX systems in a general way, the behavior of the flags associated with each command can differ. You should use the <TT>man</TT> command on your system to learn about details of the command and its flags. <HR> </BLOCKQUOTE> <H2><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>User Related Commands</B></FONT></H2> <P>The commands related to logging in and out of the system are discussed in the following sections. User Related Commands are those that are used to log in and out of your UNIX system. They might differ slightly from system to system, but the commands discussed here are common to most systems. <H3><FONT COLOR="#000077"><TT><B>login</B></TT></FONT></H3> <P>Whenyou start working on a UNIX system, the first thing you need is a login ID. Each user in a UNIX system has a unique login ID that identifies the user and any characteristics associated with the user. When you first connect to a UNIX system, you get the login prompt. The login prompt usually asks for the following information:</P> <PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">login: password: </FONT></PRE> <P>You will be allowed into a system, if, and only if, you enter the login ID and password correctly. When the login is successful, you get information, such as last unsuccessful login, last successful login, whether you have any mail, messages from the system administrator, and more. Following is an example of a successful login:</P> <PRE><FONT COLOR="#0066FF">******************************************************************************* * * * You are now logged on to the host1 computer * * * ******************************************************************************* Last unsuccessful login: Thu Nov 7 22:32:41 1996 on tty1 Last login: Fri Nov 8 01:17:04 1996 on tty1 /u/testuser:>> </FONT></PRE> <P>While logging in, there are shell scripts that are executed. The script that gets executed depends on the shell you are running. For example, in Bourne shell, the <TT>.profile</TT> file in you home directory is execute, in Korn shell, the file pointed to by the environment variable ENV is executed.</P> <P>You should put in as part of the startup file all the commands that you want to be executed before login. For example, you can set the search path, the terminal type, and various environment variables or run special programs, depending on your requirements. The follo

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