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区块链在教育领域的应用 英文版
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本文阐述了区块链在教育领域的应用, 尤其是在证书怎么使用分布式账本进行了探讨
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Blockchain in Education
Alexander Grech
Anthony F. Camilleri
Editor: Andreia Inamorato dos Santos
2017
EUR 28778 EN
xx
This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s
science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European
policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European
Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is
responsible for the use that might be made of this publication.
Contact information
Name: Andreia Inamorato dos Santos / Yves Punie
Address: European Commission JRC, Calle Inca Garcilaso, 3 - 41092
Edificio EXPO - Seville, Spain
Email: andreia-inamorato-dos.santos@ec.europa.eu / yves.punie@ec.europa.eu
JRC Science Hub
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/open-education
JRC108255
EUR 28778 EN
PDF
ISBN 978-92-79-73497-7
ISSN 1831-9424
doi:10.2760/60649
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017
© European Union, 2017
Reproduction and reuse is authorised provided the original source is acknowledged and the original meaning or
message of the documents are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any
consequence stemming from the reuse. For further information and recommendations, please see:
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/open-education/legal-notice
How to cite this report: Grech, A. and Camilleri, A. F. (2017) Blockchain in Education. Inamorato dos Santos, A.
(ed.) EUR 28778 EN; doi:10.2760/60649
All images © European Union 2017
Title
Blockchain in Education
Abstract
This report introduces the fundamental principles of the Blockchain focusing on its potential for the education
sector. It explains how this technology may both disrupt institutional norms and empower learners. It proposes
eight scenarios for the application of the Blockchain in an education context, based on the current state of
technology development and deployment.
i
Contents
Table of Figures ................................................................................................. v
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 6
Foreword .............................................................................................................. 7
Executive Summary ............................................................................................... 8
1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 11
2 Purpose, Scope and Objectives .......................................................................... 12
3 Methodology ................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Limitations of the Study.............................................................................. 15
4 Blockchain – An introduction ............................................................................. 16
4.1 Ledgers .................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 Blockchains as Public Ledgers .............................................................. 18
4.2 The Social Value Proposition of Blockchains ................................................... 18
4.2.1 Self-Sovereignty and Identity .............................................................. 19
4.2.2 Trust ................................................................................................ 20
4.2.3 Transparency and Provenance ............................................................. 21
4.2.4 Immutability ..................................................................................... 21
4.2.5 Disintermediation .............................................................................. 21
4.3 Types of Records stored on Blockchains ........................................................ 22
4.3.1 Asset Transactions ............................................................................. 22
4.3.2 Smart Contracts ................................................................................ 22
4.3.3 Certificates and Digital Signatures ....................................................... 23
4.4 High-Level Overview of Blockchain Architecture ............................................. 23
5 Certification .................................................................................................... 25
5.1 What is Certification? ................................................................................. 25
5.2 Ontology of Certification ............................................................................. 25
5.2.1 Components of a Certification .............................................................. 25
5.2.2 Processes Involved in Certification ....................................................... 26
5.3 Enablers for a Trusted System of Certification ............................................... 26
5.3.1 Method for Identity-Verification ........................................................... 26
5.3.2 Standardised Processes for Issue & Certification .................................... 27
5.3.3 Mechanisms for Regulation and Assurance ............................................ 27
5.3.4 Security Features ............................................................................... 27
5.3.5 Accessibility ...................................................................................... 27
5.4 Uses of Certification in Education ................................................................. 28
5.4.1 Uses of Certificates issued to Learners .................................................. 28
5.4.2 Use of Certificates for Accreditation ...................................................... 28
ii
5.4.3 Uses of Certificates for Tracking Intellectual Property ............................. 29
5.4.4 Uses of Certificates for Financial Matters ............................................... 30
5.5 Limitations of Certificates ........................................................................... 30
5.5.1 Limitations of Paper Certificates ........................................................... 30
5.5.2 Limitations of (non-Blockchain) Digital Certificates ................................. 31
5.6 Digital Certificates using Blockchain Technology ............................................ 31
5.6.1 Ideal Characteristics for Recipient ........................................................ 32
5.6.2 Ideal Characteristics for Issuer ............................................................ 32
5.6.3 Other Characteristics .......................................................................... 32
5.7 Certifying Identity using a Blockchain ........................................................... 32
5.7.1 Using a Certified Self-Sovereign Identity ............................................... 33
5.8 Issuing Certificates Directly using a Blockchain .............................................. 34
6 Technical Characteristics of Blockchain Technology .............................................. 36
6.1 Principles of Blockchain .............................................................................. 36
6.1.1 From Centralisation to Distribution ....................................................... 36
6.1.2 Hashing ............................................................................................ 37
6.1.3 Public and Private Keys ....................................................................... 38
6.2 Architecture of a Blockchain ........................................................................ 39
6.2.1 A Decentralised Digital Network for trading Assets ................................. 39
6.2.2 A Decentralised, Distributed Ledger ..................................................... 40
6.2.3 A System for anonymously verifying Identity and Ownership ................... 41
6.2.4 A System for ensuring Permanent Indestructible Records........................ 42
6.3 Issuing Certification using Digital Signatures ................................................. 44
6.3.1 Components of a Digital Signature ....................................................... 44
6.3.2 How to digitally sign a Document ......................................................... 45
6.3.3 How to verify a Digital Signature ......................................................... 45
6.3.4 Systems for Digital Signatures ............................................................. 45
6.3.4.1 Public Key Infrastructures ............................................................. 45
6.3.5 Digital Certificates using Blockchain Technology .................................... 46
6.3.5.1 The Value-Added of Blockchain-Secured Digital Certificates ............... 46
6.3.5.2 Architecture of Blockchain-Secured Digital Certificates ...................... 46
6.3.6 Self-Sovereign Identities using Blockchain Technology ........................... 48
6.3.6.1 Creating a Self-Sovereign Identity on the blockchain ........................ 48
6.3.6.2 Certifying ta Self-Sovereign Identity ............................................... 49
7 Implementations of Blockchain Technology in Education ....................................... 51
7.1 Issuing Certificates .................................................................................... 51
7.1.1 Blockcerts: An open Standard for Blockchain educational certificates ........ 52
7.2 Snapshot of Vendors in the Certificate and Identity Workspace ........................ 54
iii
7.2.1 Certification Solution Vendors .............................................................. 56
7.2.1.1 Learning Machine Certificates deployed over Blockcerts .................... 57
7.2.1.2 Sony Global Education .................................................................. 59
7.2.1.3 Attores Solutions ......................................................................... 59
7.2.1.4 Additional companies.................................................................... 60
7.2.2 Identity Solution Vendors ................................................................... 60
7.2.2.1 Civic ........................................................................................... 60
7.2.2.2 Uport ......................................................................................... 60
7.3 Storing a Verified e-Portfolio ....................................................................... 61
7.3.1 Indorse ............................................................................................ 61
7.4 Managing Intellectual Property .................................................................... 61
7.4.1 Binded .............................................................................................. 61
7.4.2 Ledger Journal ................................................................................... 62
7.4.3 Bernstein Technologies ....................................................................... 62
8 Use Case Studies for Blockchain Technology in Education ..................................... 64
8.1 Open University UK .................................................................................... 64
8.2 University of Nicosia ................................................................................... 68
8.3 MIT .......................................................................................................... 71
8.4 Maltese Educational Institutions................................................................... 74
9 Government and Blockchain Technology ............................................................. 77
9.1 Considerations for Policy Makers .................................................................. 77
9.2 Snapshot of ongoing initiatives in EU Member States...................................... 85
9.2.1 Estonia ............................................................................................. 85
9.2.1.1 Key Players in Estonia e-identity initiatives ...................................... 87
9.2.2 Netherlands ...................................................................................... 88
10 Challenges to uptake of Blockchain in education .................................................. 90
10.1 Standardisation ................................................................................... 90
10.1.1 What is a Standard? ........................................................................... 90
10.1.2 Decentralised Standardisation through Blockchain Technology ................. 91
10.1.3 Current initiatives for blockchain standardisation ................................... 91
10.1.4 Standardisation of Educational Records ................................................ 91
10.2 Resource Usage and Ensuing Complexity ................................................ 92
10.3 New Dependencies on Third-Parties ....................................................... 93
11 Usage Scenarios for the use of the Blockchain in Education ................................... 94
11.1 When to use a Blockchain ..................................................................... 94
11.2 What kind of blockchain to use .............................................................. 94
11.3 Usage scenarios for Blockchain in Education ............................................ 95
Scenario 1: Using Blockchains to permanently secure certificates ...................... 95
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