Python快速入门.(英文版)

中文名: Python快速入门 (英文版) 原名: The Quick Python Book,Second Edition 作者: Vernon L.Ceder 资源格式: PDF 版本: 第二版 出版社: Manning Publications Co.书号: 9781935182207发行时间: 2010年01月 地区: 美国 语言: 英文 简介: 快速学习python书第二版是一本简洁清晰介绍python3的书籍，目标是新学习python 的程序员。这本更新版本囊括了所有python3版本的变化，即python从早期版本到新版本的特性变化 本书一开始用基础但是很有用的程序来传授给读者关于python的核心特性，包括语法，控制流程和数据结构。然后本书使用大型的应用程序包括代码管理，面向对象编程，web开发和转换老版本的python程序到新的版本等等。 忠实于作者的经验十足的开发者的观众，作者仔细检查普通程序特点，同时增加了更多细节关于这些python独一无二的特性仔细的介绍。 The Quick Python Book, Second Edition, is a clear, concise introduction to Python 3, aimed at programmers new to Python. This updated edition includes all the changes in Python 3, itself a significant shift from earlier versions of Python. The book begins with basic but useful programs that teach the core features of syntax, control flow, and data structures. It then moves to larger applications involving code management, object-oriented programming, web development, and converting code from earlier versions of Python. True to his audience of experienced developers, the author covers common programming language features concisely, while giving more detail to those features unique to Python. 目录: contents preface xvii acknowledgments xviii about this book xx PART 1 STARTING OUT ................................................. 1 1 About Python 3 1.1 Why should I use Python? 3 1.2 What Python does well 4 Python is easy to use 4 Python is expressive 4 ■ Python is readable 5 Python is complete—“batteries ■ included” 6 Python is cross-platform 6 Python is free 6 ■ ■ 1.3 What Python doesn’t do as well 7 Python is not the fastest language 7 Python doesn’t have the ■ most libraries 8 Python doesn’t check variable types at ■ compile time 8 1.4 Why learn Python 3? 8 1.5 Summary 9 vii viii CONTENTS 2 Getting started 10 2.1 Installing Python 10 2.2 IDLE and the basic interactive mode 12 The basic interactive mode 12 The IDLE integrated development ■ environment 13 Choosing between basic interactive mode and ■ IDLE 14 2.3 Using IDLE’s Python Shell window 14 2.4 Hello, world 15 2.5 Using the interactive prompt to explore Python 15 2.6 Summary 17 3 The Quick Python overview 18 3.1 Python synopsis 19 3.2 Built-in data types 19 Numbers 19 Lists 21 Tuples 22 Strings 23 ■ ■ ■ Dictionaries 24 Sets 24 File objects 25 ■ ■ 3.3 Control flow structures 25 Boolean values and expressions 25 The if-elif-else ■ statement 26 The while loop 26 The for ■ ■ loop 27 Function definition 27 Exceptions 28 ■ ■ 3.4 Module creation 29 3.5 Object-oriented programming 30 3.6 Summary 31 PART 2 THE ESSENTIALS ............................................. 33 4 The absolute basics 35 4.1 Indentation and block structuring 35 4.2 Differentiating comments 37 4.3 Variables and assignments 37 4.4 Expressions 38 4.5 Strings 39 4.6 Numbers 40 Built-in numeric functions 41 Advanced numeric ■ functions 41 Numeric computation 41 Complex ■ ■ numbers 41 Advanced complex-number functions 42 ■ 4.7 The None value 43 ix CONTENTS 4.8 Getting input from the user 43 4.9 Built-in operators 43 4.10 Basic Python style 43 4.11 Summary 44 5 Lists, tuples, and sets 45 5.1 Lists are like arrays 46 5.2 List indices 46 5.3 Modifying lists 48 5.4 Sorting lists 50 Custom sorting 51 The sorted() function 52 ■ 5.5 Other common list operations 52 List membership with the in operator 52 List concatenation ■ with the + operator 53 List initialization with the * ■ operator 53 List minimum or maximum with min and ■ max 53 List search with index 53 List matches with ■ ■ count 54 Summary of list operations 54 ■ 5.6 Nested lists and deep copies 55 5.7 Tuples 57 Tuple basics 57 One-element tuples need a ■ comma 58 Packing and unpacking tuples 58 ■ Converting between lists and tuples 60 5.8 Sets 60 Set operations 60 Frozensets 61 ■ 5.9 Summary 62 6 Strings 63 6.1 Strings as sequences of characters 63 6.2 Basic string operations 64 6.3 Special characters and escape sequences 64 Basic escape sequences 65 Numeric (octal and hexadecimal) and ■ Unicode escape sequences 65 Printing vs. evaluating strings ■ with special characters 66 6.4 String methods 67 The split and join string methods 67 Converting strings to ■ numbers 68 Getting rid of extra whitespace 69 String ■ ■ searching 70 Modifying strings 71 Modifying strings with ■ ■ list manipulations 73 Useful methods and constants 73 ■ x CONTENTS 6.5 Converting from objects to strings 74 6.6 Using the format method 76 The format method and positional parameters 76 The format ■ method and named parameters 76 Format specifiers 77 ■ 6.7 Formatting strings with % 77 Using formatting sequences 78 Named parameters and ■ formatting sequences 78 6.8 Bytes 80 6.9 Summary 80 7 Dictionaries 81 7.1 What is a dictionary? 82 Why dictionaries are called dictionaries 83 7.2 Other dictionary operations 83 7.3 Word counting 86 7.4 What can be used as a key? 86 7.5 Sparse matrices 88 7.6 Dictionaries as caches 88 7.7 Efficiency of dictionaries 89 7.8 Summary 89 8 Control flow 90 8.1 The while loop 90 The break and continue statements 91 8.2 The if-elif-else statement 91 8.3 The for loop 92 The range function 93 Using break and continue in for ■ loops 94 The for loop and tuple unpacking 94 The ■ ■ enumerate function 94 The zip function 95 ■ 8.4 List and dictionary comprehensions 95 8.5 Statements, blocks, and indentation 96 8.6 Boolean values and expressions 99 Most Python objects can be used as Booleans 99 Comparison and ■ Boolean operators 100 8.7 Writing a simple program to analyze a text file 101 8.8 Summary 102 xi CONTENTS 9 Functions 103 9.1 Basic function definitions 103 9.2 Function parameter options 105 Positional parameters 105 Passing arguments by parameter ■ name 106 Variable numbers of arguments 107 Mixing ■ ■ argument-passing techniques 108 9.3 Mutable objects as arguments 108 9.4 Local, nonlocal, and global variables 109 9.5 Assigning functions to variables 111 9.6 lambda expressions 111 9.7 Generator functions 112 9.8 Decorators 113 9.9 Summary 114 10 Modules and scoping rules 115 10.1 What is a module? 115 10.2 A first module 116 10.3 The import statement 119 10.4 The module search path 119 Where to place your own modules 120 10.5 Private names in modules 121 10.6 Library and third-party modules 122 10.7 Python scoping rules and namespaces 123 10.8 Summary 128 11 Python programs 129 11.1 Creating a very basic program 130 Starting a script from a command line 130 Command-line ■ arguments 131 Redirecting the input and output of a ■ script 131 The optparse module 132 Using the fileinput ■ ■ module 133 11.2 Making a script directly executable on UNIX 135 11.3 Scripts on Mac OS X 135 11.4 Script execution options in Windows 135 Starting a script as a document or shortcut 136 Starting a script ■ from the Windows Run box 137 Starting a script from a ■ command window 137 Other Windows options 138 ■ xii CONTENTS 11.5 Scripts on Windows vs. scripts on UNIX 138 11.6 Programs and modules 140 11.7 Distributing Python applications 145 distutils 145 py2exe and py2app 145 Creating executable ■ ■ programs with freeze 145 11.8 Summary 146 12 Using the filesystem 147 12.1 Paths and pathnames 148 Absolute and relative paths 148 The current working ■ directory 149 Manipulating pathnames 150 Useful ■ ■ constants and functions 153 12.2 Getting information about files 154 12.3 More filesystem operations 155 12.4 Processing all files in a directory subtree 156 12.5 Summary 157 13 Reading and writing files 159 13.1 Opening files and file objects 159 13.2 Closing files 160 13.3 Opening files in write or other modes 160 13.4 Functions to read and write text or binary data 161 Using binary mode 163 13.5 Screen input/output and redirection 163 13.6 Reading structured binary data with the struct module 165 13.7 Pickling objects into files 167 13.8 Shelving objects 170 13.9 Summary 171 14 Exceptions 172 14.1 Introduction to exceptions 173 General philosophy of errors and exception handling 173 A more ■ formal definition of exceptions 175 User-defined exceptions 176 ■ 14.2 Exceptions in Python 176 Types of Python exceptions 177 Raising exceptions 178 ■ Catching and handling exceptions 179 Defining new ■ exceptions 180 Debugging programs with the assert ■ statement 181 The exception inheritance hierarchy 182 ■ xiii CONTENTS Example: a disk-writing program in Python 182 Example: ■ exceptions in normal evaluation 183 Where to use ■ exceptions 184 14.3 Using with 184 14.4 Summary 185 15 Classes and object-oriented programming 186 15.1 Defining classes 187 Using a class instance as a structure or record 187 15.2 Instance variables 188 15.3 Methods 188 15.4 Class variables 190 An oddity with class variables 191 15.5 Static methods and class methods 192 Static methods 192 Class methods 193 ■ 15.6 Inheritance 194 15.7 Inheritance with class and instance variables 196 15.8 Private variables and private methods 197 15.9 Using @property for more flexible instance variables 198 15.10 Scoping rules and namespaces for class instances 199 15.11 Destructors and memory management 203 15.12 Multiple inheritance 207 15.13 Summary 208 16 Graphical user interfaces 209 16.1 Installing Tkinter 210 16.2 Starting Tk and using Tkinter 211 16.3 Principles of Tkinter 212 Widgets 212 Named attributes 212 Geometry management ■ ■ and widget placement 213 16.4 A simple Tkinter application 214 16.5 Creating widgets 215 16.6 Widget placement 216 16.7 Using classes to manage Tkinter applications 218 16.8 What else can Tkinter do? 219 Event handling 220 Canvas and text widgets 221 ■ xiv CONTENTS 16.9 Alternatives to Tkinter 221 16.10 Summary 222 PART 3 ADVANCED LANGUAGE FEATURES ................... 223 17 Regular expressions 225 17.1 What is a regular expression? 225 17.2 Regular expressions with special characters 226 17.3 Regular expressions and raw strings 227 Raw strings to the rescue 228 17.4 Extracting matched text from strings 229 17.5 Substituting text with regular expressions 232 17.6 Summary 233 18 Packages 234 18.1 What is a package? 234 18.2 A first example 235 18.3 A concrete example 236 Basic use of the mathproj package 237 Loading subpackages ■ and submodules 238 import statements within ■ packages 239 __init__.py files in packages 239 ■ 18.4 The __all__ attribute 240 18.5 Proper use of packages 241 18.6 Summary 241 19 Data types as objects 242 19.1 Types are objects, too 242 19.2 Using types 243 19.3 Types and user-defined classes 243 19.4 Duck typing 245 19.5 Summary 246 20 Advanced object-oriented features 247 20.1 What is a special method attribute? 248 20.2 Making an object behave like a list 249 The __getitem__ special method attribute 249 How it ■ works 250 Implementing full list functionality 251 ■ xv CONTENTS 20.3 Giving an object full list capability 252 20.4 Subclassing from built-in types 254 Subclassing list 254 Subclassing UserList 255 ■ 20.5 When to use special method attributes 256 20.6 Metaclasses 256 20.7 Abstract base classes 258 Using abstract base classes for type checking 259 Creating ■ abstract base classes 260 Using the @abstractmethod and ■ @abstractproperty decorators 260 20.8 Summary 262 PART 4 WHERE CAN YOU GO FROM HERE? ................. 263 21 Testing your code made easy(-er) 265 21.1 Why you need to have tests 265 21.2 The assert statement 266 Python’s __debug__ variable 266 21.3 Tests in docstrings: doctests 267 Avoiding doctest traps 269 Tweaking doctests with ■ directives 269 Pros and cons of doctests 270 ■ 21.4 Using unit tests to test everything, every time 270 Setting up and running a single test case 270 Running the ■ test 272 Running multiple tests 272 Unit tests vs. ■ ■ doctests 273 21.5 Summary 273 22 Moving from Python 2 to Python 3 274 22.1 Porting from 2 to 3 274 Steps in porting from Python 2.x to 3.x 275 22.2 Testing with Python 2.6 and -3 276 22.3 Using 2to3 to convert the code 277 22.4 Testing and common problems 279 22.5 Using the same code for 2 and 3 280 Using Python 2.5 or earlier 280 Writing for Python 3.x and ■ converting back 281 22.6 Summary 281 xvi CONTENTS 23 Using Python libraries 282 23.1 “Batteries included”—the standard library 282 Managing various data types 283 Manipulating files and ■ storage 284 Accessing operating system services 285 Using ■ ■ internet protocols and formats 286 Development and debugging ■ tools and runtime services 286 23.2 Moving beyond the standard library 287 23.3 Adding more Python libraries 287 23.4 Installing Python libraries using setup.py 288 Installing under the home scheme 288 Other installation ■ options 289 23.5 PyPI, a.k.a. “the Cheese Shop” 289 23.6 Summary 289 24 Network, web, and database programming 290 24.1 Accessing databases in Python 291 Using the sqlite3 database 291 24.2 Network programming in Python 293 Creating an instant HTTP server 293 Writing an HTTP ■ client 294 24.3 Creating a Python web application 295 Using the web server gateway interface 295 Using the wsgi ■ library to create a basic web app 295 Using frameworks to create ■ advanced web apps 296 24.4 Sample project—creating a message wall 297 Creating the database 297 Creating an application ■ object 298 Adding a form and retrieving its contents ■ 298 Saving the form’s contents 299 Parsing the URL and ■ ■ retrieving messages 300 Adding an HTML wrapper 303 ■ 24.5 Summary 304 appendix 305 index 323