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About the Authors

Jonathan Corbet got his first look at the BSD Unix source back in 1981, when an

instructor at the University of Colorado let him “fix” the paging algorithm. He has

been digging around inside every system he could get his hands on ever since,

working on drivers for VAX, Sun, Ardent, and x86 systems. He got his first Linux

system in 1993 and has never looked back. Jonathan is currently the cofounder and

executive editor of Linux Weekly News (http://www.LWN.net). He lives in Boulder,

Colorado with his wife and two children.

Alessandro Rubini installed Linux 0.99.14 soon after getting his degree as an elec-

tronic engineer. He then received a Ph.D. in computer science at the University of

Pavia despite his aversion toward modern technology. He left the University after

getting his Ph.D. because he didn’t want to write articles. He now works as a

freelancer, writing device drivers and articles. He used to be a young hacker before

his babies were born; now he’s an old advocate of free software who developed a bias

for non-PC computer platforms.

Greg Kroah-Hartman has been writing Linux kernel drivers since 1999 and is

currently the maintainer for the USB, PCI, I2C, driver core, and sysfs kernel

subsystems. He is also the maintainer of the udev and hotplug userspace programs,

as well as a Gentoo kernel maintainer, ensuring that his inbox is never empty. He is a

contributing editor to Linux Journal magazine.

Colophon

Our look is the result of reader comments, our own experimentation, and feedback

from distribution channels. Distinctive covers complement our distinctive approach

to technical topics, breathing personality and life into potentially dry subjects.

The image on the cover of Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition is a bucking bronco.

A colorful description of this animal appears in Marvels of the New West: A Vivid

Portrayal of the Stupendous Marvels in the Vast Wonderland West of the Missouri

River, by William Thayer (The Henry Bill Publishing Co., Norwich, CT, 1888).

Thayer quotes a stockman, who gives this description of a bucking horse: “When a

horse bucks he puts his head down between his legs, arches his back like an angry

cat, and springs into the air with all his legs at once, coming down again with a

frightful jar, and he sometimes keeps on repeating the performance until he is

completely worn out with the excursion. The rider is apt to feel rather worn out too

by that time, if he has kept his seat, which is not a very easy matter, especially if the

horse is a real scientific bucker, and puts a kind of side action into every jump. The

double girth commonly attached to these Mexican saddles is useful for keeping the

saddle in its place during one of those bouts, but there is no doubt that they

frequently make a horse buck who would not do so with a single girth. With some

animals you can never draw up the flank girth without setting them bucking.”

,AUTHOR.COLO.15565 Page 617 Thursday, January 27, 2005 12:32 PM

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

This is, on the surface, a book about writing device drivers for the Linux system.

That is a worthy goal, of course; the flow of new hardware products is not likely to

slow down anytime soon, and somebody is going to have to make all those new gad-

gets work with Linux. But this book is also about how the Linux kernel works and

how to adapt its workings to your needs or interests. Linux is an open system; with

this book, we hope, it is more open and accessible to a larger community of developers.

This is the third edition of Linux Device Drivers. The kernel has changed greatly

since this book was first published, and we have tried to evolve the text to match.

This edition covers the 2.6.10 kernel as completely as we are able. We have, this time

around, elected to omit the discussion of backward compatibility with previous ker-

nel versions. The changes from 2.4 are simply too large, and the 2.4 interface

remains well documented in the (freely available) second edition.

This edition contains quite a bit of new material relevant to the 2.6 kernel. The dis-

cussion of locking and concurrency has been expanded and moved into its own

chapter. The Linux device model, which is new in 2.6, is covered in detail. There are

new chapters on the USB bus and the serial driver subsystem; the chapter on PCI has

also been enhanced. While the organization of the rest of the book resembles that of

the earlier editions, every chapter has been thoroughly updated.

We hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we have enjoyed writing it.

Jon’s Introduction

The publication of this edition coincides with my twelth year of working with Linux

and, shockingly, my twenty-fifth year in the computing field. Computing seemed like

a fast-moving field back in 1980, but things have sped up a lot since then. Keeping

Linux Device Drivers up to date is increasingly a challenge; the Linux kernel hackers

continue to improve their code, and they have little patience for documentation that

fails to keep up.

,ch00.11770 Page xi Thursday, January 27, 2005 12:11 PM

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

xii

Preface

Linux continues to succeed in the market and, more importantly, in the hearts and

minds of developers worldwide. The success of Linux is clearly a testament to its

technical quality and to the numerous benefits of free software in general. But the

true key to its success, in my opinion, lies in the fact that it has brought the fun back

to computing. With Linux, anybody can get their hands into the system and play in a

sandbox where contributions from any direction are welcome, but where technical

excellence is valued above all else. Linux not only provides us with a top-quality

operating system; it gives us the opportunity to be part of its future development and

to have fun while we’re at it.

In my 25 years in the field, I have had many interesting opportunities, from program-

ming the first Cray computers (in Fortran, on punch cards) to seeing the minicom-

puter and Unix workstation waves, through to the current, microprocessor-

dominated era. Never, though, have I seen the field more full of life, opportunity,

and fun. Never have we had such control over our own tools and their evolution.

Linux, and free software in general, is clearly the driving force behind those changes.

My hope is that this edition helps to bring that fun and opportunity to a new set of

Linux developers. Whether your interests are in the kernel or in user space, I hope

you find this book to be a useful and interesting guide to just how the kernel works

with the hardware. I hope it helps and inspires you to fire up your editor and to

make our shared, free operating system even better. Linux has come a long way, but

it is also just beginning; it will be more than interesting to watch—and participate

in—what happens from here.

Alessandro’s Introduction

I’ve always enjoyed computers because they can talk to external hardware. So, after

soldering my devices for the Apple II and the ZX Spectrum, backed with the Unix

and free software expertise the university gave me, I could escape the DOS trap by

installing GNU/Linux on a fresh new 386 and by turning on the soldering iron once

again.

Back then, the community was a small one, and there wasn’t much documentation

about writing drivers around, so I started writing for Linux Journal. That’s how

things started: when I later discovered I didn’t like writing papers, I left the univer-

isty and found myself with an O’Reilly contract in my hands.

That was in 1996. Ages ago.

The computing world is different now: free software looks like a viable solution,

both technically and politically, but there’s a lot of work to do in both realms. I hope

this book furthers two aims: spreading technical knowledge and raising awareness

about the need to spread knowledge. That’s why, after the first edition proved inter-

esting to the public, the two authors of the second edition switched to a free license,

,ch00.11770 Page xii Thursday, January 27, 2005 12:11 PM

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Preface

xiii

supported by our editor and our publisher. I’m betting this is the right approach to

information, and it’s great to team up with other people sharing this vision.

I’m excited by what I witness in the embedded arena, and I hope this text helps by

doing more; but ideas are moving fast these days, and it’s already time to plan for the

fourth edition, and look for a fourth author to help.

Greg’s Introduction

It seems like a long time ago that I picked up the first edition of this Linux Device

Drivers book in order to figure out how to write a real Linux driver. That first edi-

tion was a great guide to helping me understand the internals of this operating sys-

tem that I had already been using for a number of years but whose kernel had never

taken the time to look into. With the knowledge gained from that book, and by read-

ing other programmers’ code already present in the kernel, my first horribly buggy,

broken, and very SMP-unsafe driver was accepted by the kernel community into the

main kernel tree. Despite receiving my first bug report five minutes later, I was

hooked on wanting to do as much as I could to make this operating system the best

it could possibly be.

I am honored that I’ve had the ability to contribute to this book. I hope that it

enables others to learn the details about the kernel, discover that driver development

is not a scary or forbidding place, and possibly encourage others to join in and help

in the collective effort of making this operating system work on every computing

platform with every type of device available. The development procedure is fun, the

community is rewarding, and everyone benefits from the effort involved.

Now it’s back to making this edition obsolete by fixing current bugs, changing APIs

to work better and be simpler to understand for everyone, and adding new features.

Come along; we can always use the help.

Audience for This Book

This book should be an interesting source of information both for people who want

to experiment with their computer and for technical programmers who face the need

to deal with the inner levels of a Linux box. Note that “a Linux box” is a wider con-

cept than “a PC running Linux,” as many platforms are supported by our operating

system, and kernel programming is by no means bound to a specific platform. We

hope this book is useful as a starting point for people who want to become kernel

hackers but don’t know where to start.

On the technical side, this text should offer a hands-on approach to understanding

the kernel internals and some of the design choices made by the Linux developers.

Although the main, official target of the book is teaching how to write device drivers,

the material should give an interesting overview of the kernel implementation as well.

,ch00.11770 Page xiii Thursday, January 27, 2005 12:11 PM

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